{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1970901051","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2012.2197391","title":"ENF Extraction From Digital Recordings Using Adaptive Techniques and Frequency Tracking","display_name":"ENF Extraction From Digital Recordings Using Adaptive Techniques and Frequency Tracking","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-07-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1970901051","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2012.2197391","mag":"1970901051"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2012.2197391","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2012.2197391","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009173337","display_name":"Ode Ojowu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ode Ojowu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065730184","display_name":"Johan Karlsson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3575-6747"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johan Karlsson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100735995","display_name":"Jian Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5182-2798"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101920116","display_name":"Yilu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6707-9062"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yilu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA","Dept. of Electr. Eng. & Comput. Sci., Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. Eng. & Comput. Sci., Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009173337"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.7655,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":71,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96588905,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"4","first_page":"1330","last_page":"1338"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10688","display_name":"Image and Signal Denoising Methods","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8349981307983398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/short-time-fourier-transform","display_name":"Short-time Fourier transform","score":0.6977716684341431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-filter","display_name":"Adaptive filter","score":0.560560405254364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time\u2013frequency-analysis","display_name":"Time\u2013frequency analysis","score":0.4788129925727844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrogram","display_name":"Spectrogram","score":0.4529494345188141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-filter","display_name":"Digital filter","score":0.41586804389953613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39431142807006836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3857158124446869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.36534634232521057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fourier-transform","display_name":"Fourier transform","score":0.3596770763397217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.3366284966468811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2918434143066406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fourier-analysis","display_name":"Fourier analysis","score":0.19166123867034912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.18878665566444397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09683549404144287}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8349981307983398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166386157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1477735","display_name":"Short-time Fourier transform","level":4,"score":0.6977716684341431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102248274","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168388","display_name":"Adaptive filter","level":2,"score":0.560560405254364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142433447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7806653","display_name":"Time\u2013frequency analysis","level":3,"score":0.4788129925727844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45273575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578970","display_name":"Spectrogram","level":2,"score":0.4529494345188141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36390408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1163067","display_name":"Digital filter","level":3,"score":0.41586804389953613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39431142807006836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3857158124446869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.36534634232521057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102519508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6520159","display_name":"Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.3596770763397217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.3366284966468811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2918434143066406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203024314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1365258","display_name":"Fourier analysis","level":3,"score":0.19166123867034912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.18878665566444397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09683549404144287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2012.2197391","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2012.2197391","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306098","display_name":"U.S. Department of Justice","ror":"https://ror.org/02916qm60"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338287","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W210359992","https://openalex.org/W1513131060","https://openalex.org/W1535168738","https://openalex.org/W1544847463","https://openalex.org/W1584894649","https://openalex.org/W1979905895","https://openalex.org/W1997400210","https://openalex.org/W2011046740","https://openalex.org/W2040515751","https://openalex.org/W2073765463","https://openalex.org/W2102473096","https://openalex.org/W2112258609","https://openalex.org/W2112855412","https://openalex.org/W2116613037","https://openalex.org/W2116804340","https://openalex.org/W2120089363","https://openalex.org/W2128876713","https://openalex.org/W2129463121","https://openalex.org/W2134397831","https://openalex.org/W2144924978","https://openalex.org/W2153567056","https://openalex.org/W2294317068","https://openalex.org/W6630736898","https://openalex.org/W6679234621","https://openalex.org/W6696760643"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2120540196","https://openalex.org/W3095343173","https://openalex.org/W2288135719","https://openalex.org/W1889291648","https://openalex.org/W82005754","https://openalex.org/W2533590149","https://openalex.org/W2381036744","https://openalex.org/W2901989338","https://openalex.org/W2323749021","https://openalex.org/W2909460703"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,84],"novel":[1],"forensic":[2],"tool":[3,73],"used":[4],"for":[5,74],"assessing":[6],"the":[7,16,25,43,45,64,75,78,95,104,108,113,123,141,144,156,160],"authenticity":[8],"of":[9,77,115],"digital":[10,81],"audio":[11,82],"recordings":[12,33],"is":[13,69,86,146],"known":[14,39,62],"as":[15,63,71],"electric":[17],"network":[18],"frequency":[19,30,128,157],"(ENF)":[20],"criterion.":[21],"It":[22],"involves":[23],"extracting":[24],"embedded":[26],"power":[27],"line":[28],"(utility)":[29],"from":[31,80,117],"said":[32],"and":[34,49,58,94],"matching":[35],"it":[36],"to":[37,41,151],"a":[38,55,72,127],"database":[40],"verify":[42],"time":[44,150],"recording":[46],"was":[47],"made,":[48],"its":[50],"authenticity.":[51],"In":[52],"this":[53,89],"paper,":[54],"nonparametric,":[56],"adaptive,":[57],"high":[59,154],"resolution":[60],"technique,":[61],"time-recursive":[65],"iterative":[66],"adaptive":[67,105],"approach,":[68],"presented":[70],"extraction":[76],"ENF":[79,109,124,145],"recordings.":[83],"comparison":[85],"made":[87],"between":[88],"data":[90],"dependent":[91],"(adaptive)":[92],"filter":[93],"conventional":[96],"short-time":[97],"Fourier":[98],"transform":[99],"(STFT).":[100],"Results":[101],"show":[102],"that":[103,143],"algorithm":[106,139],"improves":[107],"estimation":[110,125],"accuracy":[111,155],"in":[112,159],"presence":[114],"interference":[116],"other":[118],"signals.":[119],"To":[120],"further":[121],"enhance":[122],"accuracy,":[126],"tracking":[129],"method":[130],"based":[131],"on":[132],"dynamic":[133],"programming":[134],"will":[135],"be":[136],"proposed.":[137],"The":[138],"uses":[140],"knowledge":[142],"varying":[147],"slowly":[148],"with":[149,153],"estimate":[152],"present":[158],"recording.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
