{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2101030244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2011.2141990","title":"Optical Layer Security in Fiber-Optic Networks","display_name":"Optical Layer Security in Fiber-Optic Networks","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-04-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2101030244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2011.2141990","mag":"2101030244"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2011.2141990","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2011.2141990","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040206804","display_name":"Mable P. Fok","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6534-4176"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mable P. Fok","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","Dept. of Electr. Eng., Princeton Univ., Princeton, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. Eng., Princeton Univ., Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018336028","display_name":"Zhexing Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhexing Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","Dept. of Electr. Eng., Princeton Univ., Princeton, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. Eng., Princeton Univ., Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110189481","display_name":"Yanhua Deng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanhua Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","Dept. of Electr. Eng., Princeton Univ., Princeton, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. Eng., Princeton Univ., Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038830874","display_name":"Paul R. Prucnal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul R. Prucnal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","Dept. of Electr. Eng., Princeton Univ., Princeton, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. Eng., Princeton Univ., Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.0645,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":362,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98133107,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"3","first_page":"725","last_page":"736"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11797","display_name":"graph theory and CDMA systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11797","display_name":"graph theory and CDMA systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9876000285148621,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eavesdropping","display_name":"Eavesdropping","score":0.7426880598068237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7000195384025574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.6720724105834961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-engineering","display_name":"Optical engineering","score":0.5421141386032104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5414064526557922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5139705538749695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-transport-network","display_name":"Optical Transport Network","score":0.4993855953216553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-security","display_name":"Network security","score":0.43170490860939026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-cross-connect","display_name":"Optical cross-connect","score":0.42775407433509827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/passive-optical-network","display_name":"Passive optical network","score":0.39390313625335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2971920073032379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-fiber","display_name":"Optical fiber","score":0.2743130326271057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelength-division-multiplexing","display_name":"Wavelength-division multiplexing","score":0.21615663170814514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.11337372660636902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.1040915846824646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.08672350645065308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.08304083347320557}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776788033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320769","display_name":"Eavesdropping","level":2,"score":0.7426880598068237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7000195384025574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.6720724105834961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151857401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640621","display_name":"Optical engineering","level":2,"score":0.5421141386032104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5414064526557922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5139705538749695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70979049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51831","display_name":"Optical Transport Network","level":5,"score":0.4993855953216553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.43170490860939026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196129803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q241448","display_name":"Optical cross-connect","level":3,"score":0.42775407433509827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204827203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027795","display_name":"Passive optical network","level":4,"score":0.39390313625335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2971920073032379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194232370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162","display_name":"Optical fiber","level":2,"score":0.2743130326271057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160724564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620670","display_name":"Wavelength-division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.21615663170814514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.11337372660636902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.1040915846824646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.08672350645065308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.08304083347320557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6260449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41364","display_name":"Wavelength","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2011.2141990","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2011.2141990","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6299999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W67520702","https://openalex.org/W653825260","https://openalex.org/W1491901791","https://openalex.org/W1536209387","https://openalex.org/W1965523547","https://openalex.org/W1968768373","https://openalex.org/W1969564464","https://openalex.org/W1980568432","https://openalex.org/W1984123148","https://openalex.org/W1986998036","https://openalex.org/W1988353467","https://openalex.org/W1990327540","https://openalex.org/W1992546115","https://openalex.org/W2001876180","https://openalex.org/W2007941720","https://openalex.org/W2014993755","https://openalex.org/W2015119037","https://openalex.org/W2019088731","https://openalex.org/W2019462947","https://openalex.org/W2020563675","https://openalex.org/W2025798215","https://openalex.org/W2026913958","https://openalex.org/W2030442655","https://openalex.org/W2036983539","https://openalex.org/W2039814071","https://openalex.org/W2046269014","https://openalex.org/W2051608772","https://openalex.org/W2074114136","https://openalex.org/W2079098564","https://openalex.org/W2080911270","https://openalex.org/W2096582326","https://openalex.org/W2099530062","https://openalex.org/W2105629103","https://openalex.org/W2105889150","https://openalex.org/W2110338883","https://openalex.org/W2112141491","https://openalex.org/W2114646558","https://openalex.org/W2114994731","https://openalex.org/W2118004310","https://openalex.org/W2119254557","https://openalex.org/W2121207057","https://openalex.org/W2128097223","https://openalex.org/W2130257952","https://openalex.org/W2130445304","https://openalex.org/W2134107889","https://openalex.org/W2137618249","https://openalex.org/W2143954461","https://openalex.org/W2150385494","https://openalex.org/W2151497992","https://openalex.org/W2152156948","https://openalex.org/W2155595553","https://openalex.org/W2155674915","https://openalex.org/W2156084860","https://openalex.org/W2156834765","https://openalex.org/W2157812555","https://openalex.org/W2169225694","https://openalex.org/W2170346223","https://openalex.org/W6641676904","https://openalex.org/W6675695183","https://openalex.org/W6676066041"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1989495303","https://openalex.org/W1998185385","https://openalex.org/W1991530603","https://openalex.org/W3207264423","https://openalex.org/W1892716736","https://openalex.org/W2019124200","https://openalex.org/W2067688684","https://openalex.org/W266944638","https://openalex.org/W2995068464","https://openalex.org/W2101030244"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"physical":[1,16,35,95,131],"layer":[2,36,88,132,147],"of":[3,12,32,37,72,79,89,117,139,154,170],"an":[4,53,90],"optical":[5,38,54,62,87,91,107,119,140,155,186,188,196,200],"network":[6,26,39,55,108],"is":[7,121,143],"vulnerable":[8],"to":[9,64,125],"a":[10],"variety":[11],"attacks,":[13,18,97],"including":[14,93,185],"jamming,":[15,94],"infrastructure":[17,96],"eavesdropping,":[19,98],"and":[20,99,163,199],"interception.":[21,100],"As":[22],"the":[23,30,34,49,66,69,86,111,118,130,136,151,167,176],"demand":[24],"for":[25],"capacity":[27],"grows":[28],"dramatically,":[29],"issue":[31],"securing":[33],"cannot":[40],"be":[41],"overlooked.":[42],"In":[43,68,166],"this":[44,73,171,181],"survey":[45],"paper,":[46,74,172],"we":[47,75],"discuss":[48,76],"security":[50,80,127,148,177],"threats":[51,81,178],"in":[52,85,110,123,180],"as":[56,58],"well":[57],"present":[59],"several":[60],"existing":[61],"techniques":[63],"improve":[65],"security.":[67],"first":[70],"part":[71,169],"various":[77,173],"types":[78],"that":[82],"could":[83],"appear":[84],"network,":[92],"Intensive":[101],"research":[102],"has":[103],"focused":[104],"on":[105],"improving":[106],"security,":[109],"above":[112],"specific":[113],"areas.":[114],"Real-time":[115],"processing":[116],"signal":[120],"essential":[122],"order":[124],"integrate":[126],"functionality":[128],"at":[129],"while":[133],"not":[134],"undermining":[135],"true":[137],"value":[138],"communications,":[141],"which":[142],"its":[144],"speed.":[145],"Optical":[146],"benefits":[149],"from":[150],"unique":[152],"properties":[153],"processing-instantaneous":[156],"response,":[157],"broadband":[158],"operation,":[159],"electromagnetic":[160],"immunity,":[161],"compactness,":[162],"low":[164],"latency.":[165],"second":[168],"defenses":[174],"against":[175],"outlined":[179],"paper":[182],"are":[183],"discussed,":[184],"encryption,":[187],"code-division":[189],"multiple":[190],"access":[191],"(CDMA)":[192],"confidentiality,":[193],"self-healing":[194],"survivable":[195],"rings,":[197],"anti-jamming,":[198],"steganography.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
