{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2120968007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2010.2080267","title":"A Comprehensive Approach to Image Spam Detection: From Server to Client Solution","display_name":"A Comprehensive Approach to Image Spam Detection: From Server to Client Solution","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-09-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2120968007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2010.2080267","mag":"2120968007"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2010.2080267","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2010.2080267","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100625179","display_name":"Yan Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6216-3165"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","Dept. of Electr. Eng. and Comput. Sci., Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. Eng. and Comput. Sci., Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074976770","display_name":"Alok Choudhary","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8152-6319"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alok Choudhary","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","Dept. of Electr. Eng. and Comput. Sci., Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. Eng. and Comput. Sci., Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081114810","display_name":"Gang Hua","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9522-6157"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gang Hua","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, NY, USA","IBM Research T.J. Watson Center Hawthorne, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Hawthorne, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research T.J. Watson Center Hawthorne, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8646,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88098708,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"4","first_page":"826","last_page":"836"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8647603392601013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server-side","display_name":"Server-side","score":0.7508007287979126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/client-side","display_name":"Client-side","score":0.733178973197937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.5195820331573486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.477670282125473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.47070905566215515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.4107138216495514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39057186245918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3361775875091553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3037959635257721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.1729106307029724}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8647603392601013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14414571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q519081","display_name":"Server-side","level":2,"score":0.7508007287979126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202477664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1352449","display_name":"Client-side","level":2,"score":0.733178973197937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5195820331573486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.477670282125473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.47070905566215515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4107138216495514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39057186245918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3361775875091553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3037959635257721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.1729106307029724}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2010.2080267","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2010.2080267","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309532","display_name":"Syracuse University","ror":"https://ror.org/025r5qe02"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333924","display_name":"McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W83087001","https://openalex.org/W123634342","https://openalex.org/W1504008138","https://openalex.org/W1515450954","https://openalex.org/W1524021474","https://openalex.org/W1526146785","https://openalex.org/W1528361845","https://openalex.org/W1648885110","https://openalex.org/W1746819321","https://openalex.org/W1766432634","https://openalex.org/W1809777108","https://openalex.org/W1917380066","https://openalex.org/W1989291446","https://openalex.org/W2022310749","https://openalex.org/W2026693436","https://openalex.org/W2112792256","https://openalex.org/W2115305054","https://openalex.org/W2117042571","https://openalex.org/W2119821739","https://openalex.org/W2124969208","https://openalex.org/W2135046866","https://openalex.org/W2137956165","https://openalex.org/W2139212933","https://openalex.org/W2140539195","https://openalex.org/W2145023731","https://openalex.org/W2146514558","https://openalex.org/W2169384781","https://openalex.org/W2172118938","https://openalex.org/W2237382324","https://openalex.org/W2543728464","https://openalex.org/W2762271916","https://openalex.org/W2999905431","https://openalex.org/W3193477162","https://openalex.org/W4211049957","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6603398858","https://openalex.org/W6604955867","https://openalex.org/W6630221274","https://openalex.org/W6631408781","https://openalex.org/W6631556622","https://openalex.org/W6636944375","https://openalex.org/W6648016970","https://openalex.org/W6681670809","https://openalex.org/W6685453634","https://openalex.org/W6729005224"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4302890120","https://openalex.org/W3005688497","https://openalex.org/W4322735059","https://openalex.org/W4301042531","https://openalex.org/W4319448716","https://openalex.org/W2993438822","https://openalex.org/W3003811204","https://openalex.org/W4299870243","https://openalex.org/W2620710085","https://openalex.org/W2571973613"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Image":[0],"spam":[1,7,10,21,43,50,91,105,145,166,197],"is":[2,29],"a":[3,57,81],"type":[4],"of":[5,41,90,98,115,204,210],"e-mail":[6,20,202],"that":[8],"embeds":[9],"text":[11],"content":[12,34],"into":[13],"graphical":[14],"images":[15,92,128,167],"to":[16,31,70,93,124,153,185],"bypass":[17],"traditional":[18],"text-based":[19],"filters.":[22],"To":[23],"effectively":[24,71],"detect":[25],"image":[26,33,42,49,73,141,196],"spam,":[27],"it":[28],"desirable":[30,59],"leverage":[32],"analysis":[35,89,149],"technologies.":[36],"However,":[37],"most":[38],"previous":[39],"works":[40],"detection":[44,69],"focus":[45],"on":[46,51,176,194],"filtering":[47,66,138],"the":[48,52,76,95,104,108,113,119,122,133,155,162,170,177,183,201,208,211],"client":[53,109,178],"side.":[54],"We":[55],"propose":[56],"more":[58],"comprehensive":[60,213],"solution":[61],"which":[62,168],"embraces":[63],"both":[64],"server-side":[65,137,171],"and":[67,100,147,158,187],"client-side":[68],"mitigate":[72],"spam.":[74],"On":[75,107],"server":[77,203],"side,":[78,110],"we":[79,111],"present":[80],"nonnegative":[82],"sparsity":[83],"induced":[84],"similarity":[85],"measure":[86],"for":[87],"cluster":[88],"filter":[94,189],"attack":[96],"activities":[97],"spammers":[99],"fast":[101],"trace":[102],"back":[103],"sources.":[106],"employ":[112],"principle":[114],"active":[116,174],"learning":[117],"where":[118],"learner":[120,175],"guides":[121],"users":[123,184],"label":[125],"as":[126,129,143],"few":[127],"possible":[130],"while":[131],"maximizing":[132],"classification":[134],"accuracy.":[135],"The":[136],"identifies":[139],"large":[140],"clusters":[142],"suspicious":[144],"sources":[146,157],"further":[148,181],"can":[150],"be":[151],"performed":[152],"identify":[154],"real":[156],"block":[159],"them":[160,190],"from":[161,200],"beginning.":[163],"For":[164],"those":[165],"survived":[169],"filter,":[172],"our":[173,205],"side":[179],"will":[180],"guide":[182],"interactively":[186],"efficiently":[188],"out.":[191],"Our":[192],"experiments":[193],"an":[195],"data-set":[198],"collected":[199],"department":[206],"demonstrate":[207],"efficacy":[209],"proposed":[212],"solution.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}