{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2106663508","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2010.2045842","title":"Steganalysis by Subtractive Pixel Adjacency Matrix","display_name":"Steganalysis by Subtractive Pixel Adjacency Matrix","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-03-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2106663508","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2010.2045842","mag":"2106663508"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2010.2045842","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2010.2045842","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059337672","display_name":"Tom\u00e1\u0161 Pevn\u00fd","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5768-9713"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44504214","display_name":"Czech Technical University in Prague","ror":"https://ror.org/03kqpb082","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tom\u00e1\u0161 Pevny","raw_affiliation_strings":["FEE, Department of Cybernetics, Agent of Technology Center, Czech Technical University, Prague, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FEE, Department of Cybernetics, Agent of Technology Center, Czech Technical University, Prague, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012748071","display_name":"Patrick Bas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0873-5872"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7454413","display_name":"\u00c9cole Centrale de Lille","ror":"https://ror.org/01x441g73","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7454413"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Bas","raw_affiliation_strings":["INPG-Gipsa-Lab, Ecole Centrale de Lille, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INPG-Gipsa-Lab, Ecole Centrale de Lille, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7454413"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081020569","display_name":"Jessica Fridrich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6516-628X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123946342","display_name":"Binghamton University","ror":"https://ror.org/008rmbt77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jessica Fridrich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Binghamton University, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Binghamton University, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":32.3954,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":887,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99807774,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"2","first_page":"215","last_page":"224"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9681000113487244,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9681000113487244,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.007400000002235174,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.00430000014603138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganalysis","display_name":"Steganalysis","score":0.966805636882782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganography","display_name":"Steganography","score":0.7764394283294678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7362202405929565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/least-significant-bit","display_name":"Least significant bit","score":0.7145336866378784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6618247032165527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6308377385139465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jpeg","display_name":"JPEG","score":0.6089701652526855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5971956849098206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.5352582931518555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.459943026304245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4335252046585083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.4302642345428467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3627421259880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3363149166107178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.30610209703445435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.095238596200943}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107368093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q448176","display_name":"Steganalysis","level":4,"score":0.966805636882782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108801101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15032","display_name":"Steganography","level":3,"score":0.7764394283294678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7362202405929565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4305246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3885225","display_name":"Least significant bit","level":2,"score":0.7145336866378784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6618247032165527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6308377385139465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198751489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2195","display_name":"JPEG","level":3,"score":0.6089701652526855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5971956849098206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.5352582931518555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.459943026304245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4335252046585083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.4302642345428467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3627421259880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3363149166107178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.30610209703445435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.095238596200943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2010.2045842","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2010.2045842","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1512190422","https://openalex.org/W1518402653","https://openalex.org/W1534147215","https://openalex.org/W1565541031","https://openalex.org/W1760530029","https://openalex.org/W1765283245","https://openalex.org/W1867816105","https://openalex.org/W1875845630","https://openalex.org/W1980631944","https://openalex.org/W1985113289","https://openalex.org/W1988960566","https://openalex.org/W2031466562","https://openalex.org/W2032480392","https://openalex.org/W2049562124","https://openalex.org/W2065391104","https://openalex.org/W2076312302","https://openalex.org/W2089860099","https://openalex.org/W2107689227","https://openalex.org/W2116997076","https://openalex.org/W2117500881","https://openalex.org/W2135280214","https://openalex.org/W2136492908","https://openalex.org/W2139643804","https://openalex.org/W2153615901","https://openalex.org/W2155485695","https://openalex.org/W2156909104","https://openalex.org/W2913337807","https://openalex.org/W6630721948","https://openalex.org/W6642145819","https://openalex.org/W6651789027","https://openalex.org/W6666461602","https://openalex.org/W6670108332","https://openalex.org/W6680999639"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2205085860","https://openalex.org/W2134958869","https://openalex.org/W2977151837","https://openalex.org/W2059133021","https://openalex.org/W2158736088","https://openalex.org/W2160587766","https://openalex.org/W1529294424","https://openalex.org/W2241212938","https://openalex.org/W2357125417","https://openalex.org/W2144721898"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,18,62],"method":[4],"for":[5,37,61,114,121,124],"detection":[6,84],"of":[7,25,51,72,83,85],"steganographic":[8],"methods":[9],"that":[10,94,130],"embed":[11],"in":[12,102,135],"the":[13,39,95,108,131,136],"spatial":[14,115],"domain":[15,116,138],"by":[16,65,118],"adding":[17],"low-amplitude":[19],"independent":[20],"stego":[21],"signal,":[22],"an":[23],"example":[24],"which":[26],"is":[27,128],"least":[28],"significant":[29],"bit":[30],"(LSB)":[31],"matching.":[32,87,105],"First,":[33],"arguments":[34],"are":[35,56],"provided":[36],"modeling":[38],"differences":[40],"between":[41],"adjacent":[42],"pixels":[43],"using":[44],"first-order":[45],"and":[46],"second-order":[47],"Markov":[48],"chains.":[49],"Subsets":[50],"sample":[52],"transition":[53],"probability":[54],"matrices":[55],"then":[57],"used":[58],"as":[59,139],"features":[60,132],"steganalyzer":[63],"implemented":[64],"support":[66],"vector":[67],"machines.":[68],"The":[69,88],"major":[70],"part":[71],"experiments,":[73],"performed":[74],"on":[75,81],"four":[76],"diverse":[77],"image":[78],"databases,":[79],"focuses":[80],"evaluation":[82],"LSB":[86,104],"comparison":[89],"to":[90],"prior":[91],"art":[92],"reveals":[93],"presented":[96],"feature":[97,109],"set":[98,110],"offers":[99],"superior":[100],"accuracy":[101],"detecting":[103],"Even":[106],"though":[107],"was":[111],"developed":[112],"specifically":[113],"steganalysis,":[117],"constructing":[119],"steganalyzers":[120],"ten":[122],"algorithms":[123],"JPEG":[125],"images,":[126],"it":[127],"demonstrated":[129],"detect":[133],"steganography":[134],"transform":[137],"well.":[140]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":52},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":81},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":74},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":88},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":81},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":79},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":63},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":66},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":69},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":65},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":53},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":29}],"updated_date":"2026-08-12T21:12:35.861297","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}