{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2119404147","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2009.2037660","title":"Step Construction of Visual Cryptography Schemes","display_name":"Step Construction of Visual Cryptography Schemes","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-12-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2119404147","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2009.2037660","mag":"2119404147"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2009.2037660","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2009.2037660","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007853886","display_name":"Feng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1716-3968"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391768012","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Security","ror":"https://ror.org/012cr4033","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I4391768012"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Feng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The State Key Laboratory of Information Security Institute of Software, Chinese Academy and Sciences, Beijing, China","State Key Lab. of Inf. Security, Chinese Acad. of Sci., Beijing, China#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The State Key Laboratory of Information Security Institute of Software, Chinese Academy and Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I4391768012"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Lab. of Inf. Security, Chinese Acad. of Sci., Beijing, China#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101611530","display_name":"Chuan-Kun Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5620-8914"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391768012","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Security","ror":"https://ror.org/012cr4033","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I4391768012"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuankun Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The State Key Laboratory of Information Security Institute of Software, Chinese Academy and Sciences, Beijing, China","State Key Lab. of Inf. Security, Chinese Acad. of Sci., Beijing, China#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The State Key Laboratory of Information Security Institute of Software, Chinese Academy and Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I4391768012"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Lab. of Inf. Security, Chinese Acad. of Sci., Beijing, China#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037569152","display_name":"Xi-Jun Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8818-8436"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59028903","display_name":"Ocean University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04rdtx186","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xijun Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China","Department of Computer Science and technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007853886"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I4391768012"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8828,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":92,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94183634,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"1","first_page":"27","last_page":"38"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9786999821662903,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/notation","display_name":"Notation","score":0.8085220456123352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-cryptography","display_name":"Visual cryptography","score":0.7198683023452759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.624901294708252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.6227318048477173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contrast","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","score":0.5964342951774597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5748950242996216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.5330520868301392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.5148116946220398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.4376258850097656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4372677206993103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4288632869720459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.41348084807395935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3716754615306854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3458205759525299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.292317271232605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.200151264667511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.15579134225845337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secret-sharing","display_name":"Secret sharing","score":0.1096068024635315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.06382188200950623}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45357846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001982","display_name":"Notation","level":2,"score":0.8085220456123352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779072331","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1597418","display_name":"Visual cryptography","level":4,"score":0.7198683023452759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.624901294708252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6227318048477173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.5964342951774597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5748950242996216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5330520868301392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5148116946220398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.4376258850097656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4372677206993103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4288632869720459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.41348084807395935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3716754615306854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3458205759525299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.292317271232605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.200151264667511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.15579134225845337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3087436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1386603","display_name":"Secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.1096068024635315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.06382188200950623}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2009.2037660","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2009.2037660","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.5099999904632568,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311026","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1575879934","https://openalex.org/W1589946980","https://openalex.org/W1730303865","https://openalex.org/W1989417107","https://openalex.org/W2029251894","https://openalex.org/W2037445608","https://openalex.org/W2046251989","https://openalex.org/W2059444492","https://openalex.org/W2062010115","https://openalex.org/W2114680656","https://openalex.org/W2133850979","https://openalex.org/W2158992420","https://openalex.org/W2913419753","https://openalex.org/W4253746564"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2356623975","https://openalex.org/W3049667785","https://openalex.org/W2489253992","https://openalex.org/W2565952052","https://openalex.org/W2397184328","https://openalex.org/W2896010704","https://openalex.org/W2802183509","https://openalex.org/W2349124474","https://openalex.org/W2906421360","https://openalex.org/W4237677910"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"<para":[0],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[1],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[2],"Two":[3],"common":[4],"drawbacks":[5],"of":[6,17,25,123,141],"the":[7,13,22,26,92,106,112,124,127,139,142],"visual":[8],"cryptography":[9],"scheme":[10,100],"(VCS)":[11],"are":[12],"large":[14],"pixel":[15,83,114],"expansion":[16,84,115],"each":[18,88],"share":[19,64],"image":[20],"and":[21,45,75,85,135],"small":[23],"contrast":[24,86],"recovered":[27],"secret":[28],"image.":[29],"In":[30],"this":[31],"paper,":[32],"we":[33,130],"propose":[34],"a":[35,59,102],"<emphasis":[36],"emphasistype=\"italic\">step":[37],"construction</emphasis>":[38],"to":[39,104,137],"construct":[40],"<formula":[41,46,71,76],"formulatype=\"inline\"><tex":[42,47,72,77],"Notation=\"TeX\">$\\hbox{VCS}_{\\rm":[43,48,73,78],"OR}$</tex></formula>":[44,74],"XOR}$</tex></formula>":[49,79],"for":[50,87],"general":[51,93],"access":[52,94,107],"structure":[53,95],"by":[54],"applying":[55],"(2,2)-VCS":[56],"recursively,":[57],"where":[58],"participant":[60],"may":[61],"receive":[62],"multiple":[63],"images.":[65],"The":[66],"proposed":[67,143],"step":[68],"construction":[69],"generates":[70],"which":[80,109],"have":[81],"optimal":[82],"qualified":[89],"set":[90],"in":[91,96,117,126],"most":[97,118],"cases.":[98],"Our":[99],"applies":[101],"technique":[103],"simplify":[105],"structure,":[108],"can":[110],"reduce":[111],"average":[113],"(APE)":[116],"cases":[119],"compared":[120],"with":[121],"many":[122],"results":[125,134],"literature.":[128],"Finally,":[129],"give":[131],"some":[132],"experimental":[133],"comparisons":[136],"show":[138],"effectiveness":[140],"scheme.":[144],"</para>":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}