{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7124130730","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2025.3647886","title":"Controlled Insertion of Cold Reserve Submodule in Hybrid Modular Multilevel Converter Considering Inrush Current Mitigation","display_name":"Controlled Insertion of Cold Reserve Submodule in Hybrid Modular Multilevel Converter Considering Inrush Current Mitigation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7124130730","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2025.3647886"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tie.2025.3647886","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2025.3647886","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58031724","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","issn_l":"0278-0046","issn":["0278-0046","1557-9948"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015540960","display_name":"Mahyar Hassanifar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1506-6312"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32021983","display_name":"Christian-Albrechts-Universit\u00e4t zu Kiel","ror":"https://ror.org/04v76ef78","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32021983"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahyar Hassanifar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Power Electronics, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1506-6312","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Power Electronics, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32021983"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049947480","display_name":"Davide D\u2019Amato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9074-1372"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113487","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Silicon Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/024p6aq98","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113487","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Davide D\u2019Amato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Silicon Technology ISIT, Itzehoe, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9074-1372","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Silicon Technology ISIT, Itzehoe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113487"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053610135","display_name":"Marius Langwasser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9909-7516"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32021983","display_name":"Christian-Albrechts-Universit\u00e4t zu Kiel","ror":"https://ror.org/04v76ef78","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32021983"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marius Langwasser","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Power Electronics, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9909-7516","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Power Electronics, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32021983"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065271772","display_name":"Marco Liserre","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32021983","display_name":"Christian-Albrechts-Universit\u00e4t zu Kiel","ror":"https://ror.org/04v76ef78","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32021983"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Liserre","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Power Electronics, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0818-2684","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Power Electronics, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32021983"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.9128,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92502054,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"6","first_page":"8653","last_page":"8664"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11102","display_name":"HVDC Systems and Fault Protection","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11102","display_name":"HVDC Systems and Fault Protection","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10361","display_name":"Silicon Carbide Semiconductor Technologies","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10228","display_name":"Multilevel Inverters and Converters","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inrush-current","display_name":"Inrush current","score":0.9013000130653381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.6237000226974487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitor","display_name":"Capacitor","score":0.5033000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/current","display_name":"Current (fluid)","score":0.4648999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4587000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overmodulation","display_name":"Overmodulation","score":0.435699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.41990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.3982999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.3727000057697296}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23340480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358932","display_name":"Inrush current","level":4,"score":0.9013000130653381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.6237000226974487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52192207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5322","display_name":"Capacitor","level":3,"score":0.5033000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49799999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148043351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456944","display_name":"Current (fluid)","level":2,"score":0.4648999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4587000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.44449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3099160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113825","display_name":"Overmodulation","level":4,"score":0.435699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.41990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.3982999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3959999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.3727000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.35109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144745244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927286","display_name":"Blocking (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.3296000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.3068000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47949032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663542","display_name":"Overcurrent","level":3,"score":0.29440000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29210110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177897","display_name":"Inductance","level":3,"score":0.29019999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.29010000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.2897000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.28610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204106720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15856134","display_name":"Current limiting","level":3,"score":0.2770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173018170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165678","display_name":"Microcontroller","level":2,"score":0.27219998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108755667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1930258","display_name":"AC power","level":3,"score":0.27070000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144534570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5325","display_name":"Inductor","level":3,"score":0.26030001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.26010000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178911571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593143","display_name":"Power electronics","level":3,"score":0.25099998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6585489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754523","display_name":"Supercapacitor","level":4,"score":0.25060001015663147}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tie.2025.3647886","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2025.3647886","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58031724","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","issn_l":"0278-0046","issn":["0278-0046","1557-9948"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1995673130","https://openalex.org/W2061679071","https://openalex.org/W2550943922","https://openalex.org/W2553648428","https://openalex.org/W2591298148","https://openalex.org/W2592429078","https://openalex.org/W2784130885","https://openalex.org/W2795390662","https://openalex.org/W2887043601","https://openalex.org/W2945797079","https://openalex.org/W2999478524","https://openalex.org/W3012999515","https://openalex.org/W3093533734","https://openalex.org/W3194076692","https://openalex.org/W4214862803","https://openalex.org/W4226241030","https://openalex.org/W4285286252","https://openalex.org/W4319996505","https://openalex.org/W4379527455","https://openalex.org/W4386362986","https://openalex.org/W4390480849","https://openalex.org/W4391341330","https://openalex.org/W4399666225","https://openalex.org/W4400351276","https://openalex.org/W4402594046","https://openalex.org/W4402595403"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hybrid":[0],"modular":[1],"multilevel":[2],"converter":[3],"(H-MMC),":[4],"which":[5],"combines":[6],"half-bridge":[7],"(HB)":[8],"and":[9,21,112,124,130,183,201],"full-bridge":[10],"(FB)":[11],"submodules":[12],"(SMs),":[13],"offers":[14],"significant":[15],"advantages":[16],"in":[17,96,194],"handling":[18],"overmodulation":[19],"conditions":[20],"blocking":[22],"dc":[23],"fault":[24],"currents.":[25],"In":[26],"H-MMC,":[27],"redundant":[28],"SMs":[29,39,193],"are":[30,40,66],"exploited":[31],"to":[32,60,74,127],"enhance":[33],"the":[34,77,97,102,120,147,153,159,170,173,186],"fault-tolerant":[35,46],"capability.":[36],"Cold":[37],"reserve":[38,85,117,136,192],"considered":[41],"an":[42,107],"appropriate":[43],"option":[44],"for":[45,161,189],"operation":[47,89],"as":[48],"they":[49,65],"remain":[50],"bypassed":[51],"during":[52,68,87],"normal":[53,69],"conditions,":[54],"avoiding":[55,119],"additional":[56,166],"power":[57],"losses":[58],"compared":[59,177],"hot":[61],"reserve.":[62],"However,":[63],"since":[64],"inactive":[67],"operation,":[70],"it":[71],"is":[72,125,176],"essential":[73],"properly":[75],"manage":[76],"charging":[78,98,137],"of":[79,115,155,172,185],"their":[80],"capacitors.":[81],"Inserting":[82],"a":[83,92,142],"cold":[84,116,135,191],"SM":[86,140],"MMC":[88],"can":[90],"cause":[91],"high":[93],"inrush":[94,122],"current":[95,123],"phase,":[99],"potentially":[100],"damaging":[101],"SM.":[103],"This":[104],"work":[105],"presents":[106],"approach":[108],"that":[109],"facilitates":[110],"continuous":[111],"controlled":[113,156],"insertion":[114,157],"SMs,":[118],"associated":[121],"applicable":[126],"both":[128],"HB":[129],"FB":[131],"SMs.":[132],"The":[133,181],"proposed":[134,174,187],"method":[138,175,188],"charges":[139],"through":[141,199],"parabolic":[143],"function":[144],"by":[145],"exploiting":[146],"capacitor":[148],"voltage":[149],"balancing":[150],"control,":[151],"achieving":[152],"goal":[154],"without":[158],"need":[160],"precharging":[162],"hardware":[163],"circuits":[164],"or":[165],"control":[167],"systems.":[168],"Furthermore,":[169],"performance":[171],"with":[178],"other":[179],"alternatives.":[180],"feasibility":[182],"effectiveness":[184],"using":[190],"H-MMCs":[195],"have":[196],"been":[197],"validated":[198],"simulation":[200],"experimental":[202],"studies.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-01-15T00:00:00"}