{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7117482788","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2025.3639807","title":"An Integrated Sensing-Computing Processor for Spectral-Based Chinese Herbal Medicine Classification With Algorithm-FPGA Co-Design","display_name":"An Integrated Sensing-Computing Processor for Spectral-Based Chinese Herbal Medicine Classification With Algorithm-FPGA Co-Design","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7117482788","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2025.3639807"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tie.2025.3639807","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2025.3639807","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58031724","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","issn_l":"0278-0046","issn":["0278-0046","1557-9948"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1803-3148"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144102","display_name":"Wuhu Hit Robot Technology Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/049w4dp92","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144102"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics and the National Engineering Laboratory for Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology, Hunan University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1803-3148","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics and the National Engineering Laboratory for Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology, Hunan University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144102"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121494497","display_name":"Hai Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144102","display_name":"Wuhu Hit Robot Technology Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/049w4dp92","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144102"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hai Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics and the National Engineering Laboratory for Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology, Hunan University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1928-380X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics and the National Engineering Laboratory for Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology, Hunan University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144102"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121479305","display_name":"Bingrui Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144102","display_name":"Wuhu Hit Robot Technology Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/049w4dp92","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144102"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bingrui Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics and the National Engineering Laboratory for Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology, Hunan University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3731-5204","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics and the National Engineering Laboratory for Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology, Hunan University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144102"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060454852","display_name":"Tongzhi Niu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3921-5853"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144102","display_name":"Wuhu Hit Robot Technology Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/049w4dp92","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144102"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tongzhi Niu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics and the National Engineering Laboratory for Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology, Hunan University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3921-5853","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics and the National Engineering Laboratory for Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology, Hunan University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144102"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044965902","display_name":"Yunkang Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7619-6618"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144102","display_name":"Wuhu Hit Robot Technology Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/049w4dp92","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144102"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunkang Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics and the National Engineering Laboratory for Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology, Hunan University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7619-6618","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics and the National Engineering Laboratory for Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology, Hunan University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144102"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025640070","display_name":"Yaonan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0519-6458"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144102","display_name":"Wuhu Hit Robot Technology Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/049w4dp92","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144102"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaonan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics and the National Engineering Laboratory for Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology, Hunan University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0519-6458","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics and the National Engineering Laboratory for Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology, Hunan University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144102"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144102"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5216,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7304297,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"5","first_page":"7995","last_page":"8006"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.7006999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.7006999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.04149999842047691,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10500","display_name":"Sparse and Compressive Sensing Techniques","score":0.03269999846816063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.7041000127792358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laptop","display_name":"Laptop","score":0.690500020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limiting","display_name":"Limiting","score":0.5242000222206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.47929999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.46399998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-consumption","display_name":"Power consumption","score":0.454800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronics","display_name":"Electronics","score":0.3968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boosting","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","score":0.3695000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/application-specific-integrated-circuit","display_name":"Application-specific integrated circuit","score":0.35910001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.3431999981403351}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7114999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.7041000127792358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780008327","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3962","display_name":"Laptop","level":2,"score":0.690500020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.5242000222206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.47929999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.46399998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984118289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29954","display_name":"Power consumption","level":3,"score":0.454800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.41130000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138331895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11650","display_name":"Electronics","level":2,"score":0.3968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3831000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.3695000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77390884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217302","display_name":"Application-specific integrated circuit","level":2,"score":0.35910001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.3431999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.33980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.3395000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.33880001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557945733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389772","display_name":"Data transmission","level":2,"score":0.3154999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69710193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14946576","display_name":"Vernier scale","level":2,"score":0.3125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.3124000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124851039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2665459","display_name":"Compressed sensing","level":2,"score":0.3061000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.29820001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118993495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5042828","display_name":"Electrical efficiency","level":3,"score":0.2939000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78548338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2493","display_name":"Data compression","level":2,"score":0.2896000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.2888000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.28839999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185177783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3332814","display_name":"Megabit","level":2,"score":0.2865000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.2856999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202491316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272683","display_name":"Instruction set","level":2,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.27799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.2685000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137246740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583970","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","level":3,"score":0.26840001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138827492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6661985","display_name":"Data processing","level":2,"score":0.2587999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.25839999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.2551000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103088060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062839","display_name":"Error detection and correction","level":2,"score":0.25130000710487366}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tie.2025.3639807","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2025.3639807","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58031724","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","issn_l":"0278-0046","issn":["0278-0046","1557-9948"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9067953824996948,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3253534402","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"\u00a0 62027810","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1521436688","https://openalex.org/W1995347266","https://openalex.org/W2059217921","https://openalex.org/W2136251662","https://openalex.org/W2171171329","https://openalex.org/W2314785379","https://openalex.org/W2500751094","https://openalex.org/W2606722458","https://openalex.org/W2609880332","https://openalex.org/W2620510049","https://openalex.org/W3011151662","https://openalex.org/W3097528158","https://openalex.org/W3109953061","https://openalex.org/W3213528054","https://openalex.org/W3214821343","https://openalex.org/W4210794570","https://openalex.org/W4283819938","https://openalex.org/W4285120820","https://openalex.org/W4308479898","https://openalex.org/W4360831786","https://openalex.org/W4366148204","https://openalex.org/W4367056892","https://openalex.org/W4387350554","https://openalex.org/W4388019209","https://openalex.org/W4392903274","https://openalex.org/W4396909864","https://openalex.org/W4401070673","https://openalex.org/W4401402799","https://openalex.org/W4402187405","https://openalex.org/W4408441429","https://openalex.org/W4409642013"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hyperspectral":[0],"imaging":[1,52],"has":[2],"demonstrated":[3],"strong":[4],"potential":[5],"for":[6,22,133,176],"the":[7,85,116,190],"classification":[8],"of":[9,82,95,98,102,148,156],"Chinese":[10],"herbal":[11],"medicines":[12],"(CHM).":[13],"However,":[14],"conventional":[15],"push-broom":[16,62],"systems":[17],"rely":[18],"on":[19],"back-end":[20],"PCs":[21],"spectral":[23],"analysis,":[24],"resulting":[25],"in":[26,35],"substantial":[27],"data":[28],"transfer":[29],"overhead":[30],"and":[31,77,100,109,139,164,181,193],"limiting":[32],"their":[33],"applicability":[34],"real-time,":[36,177],"energy-efficient":[37],"edge":[38],"scenarios.":[39],"To":[40],"address":[41],"this,":[42],"we":[43],"propose":[44],"an":[45,59,73,93,130,159,165],"integrated":[46],"sensing\u2013computing":[47],"processor.":[48],"A":[49],"complete":[50],"hyperspectral":[51],"electronics":[53],"system":[54],"is":[55,118],"developed,":[56],"along":[57],"with":[58,72,92,123,144],"dual-branch":[60],"model,":[61],"vision":[63],"transformer":[64],"(PBViT),":[65],"which":[66],"combines":[67],"a":[68,145],"frequency-domain":[69],"encoding":[70],"branch":[71],"improved":[74],"ViT":[75],"architecture":[76],"contains":[78],"only":[79],"0.075":[80],"MB":[81],"parameters.":[83],"On":[84],"CHM":[86],"dataset,":[87],"PBViT":[88],"achieves":[89],"state-of-the-art":[90],"performance":[91],"OA":[94],"0.978,":[96],"AA":[97],"0.942,":[99],"Kappa":[101],"0.950,":[103],"surpassing":[104],"traditional":[105],"machine":[106],"learning,":[107],"convolutional,":[108],"ViT-based":[110],"methods.":[111],"Leveraging":[112],"quantization-aware":[113],"training":[114],"(QAT),":[115],"model":[117],"compressed":[119],"to":[120,186],"8-bit":[121],"precision":[122],"negligible":[124],"accuracy":[125],"loss.":[126],"We":[127],"further":[128],"develop":[129],"FPGA-based":[131],"accelerator":[132],"PBViT,":[134],"achieving":[135],"502":[136],"GOPS":[137],"throughput":[138],"32.2$\\mu":[140],"\\mathbf{s}$latency":[141],"per$9\\boldsymbol{\\times}":[142],"9$patch,":[143],"power":[146],"consumption":[147],"14.42":[149],"W.":[150],"This":[151],"yields":[152],"energy":[153],"efficiency":[154,175],"improvements":[155],"6.24$\\boldsymbol{\\times}$and":[157],"63$\\boldsymbol{\\times}$over":[158],"RTX":[160],"4090":[161],"Laptop":[162],"GPU":[163],"Intel":[166],"i9-13900HX":[167],"CPU,":[168],"respectively.":[169],"The":[170],"proposed":[171],"processor":[172],"delivers":[173],"high":[174],"edge-side":[178],"pharmaceutical":[179],"identification":[180],"can":[182],"also":[183],"be":[184],"applied":[185],"fields":[187],"such":[188],"as":[189],"food":[191],"industry":[192],"agriculture.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-12-29T00:00:00"}