{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415594194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2025.3605433","title":"Torque Density Improvement of Different Flat PMSM Topologies Using a Hybrid Optimization Method Considering End Effects and Shape Ratio Influence","display_name":"Torque Density Improvement of Different Flat PMSM Topologies Using a Hybrid Optimization Method Considering End Effects and Shape Ratio Influence","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415594194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2025.3605433"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tie.2025.3605433","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2025.3605433","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58031724","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","issn_l":"0278-0046","issn":["0278-0046","1557-9948"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016712501","display_name":"Han Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6746-6899"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Han Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for More-Electric-Aircraft Power System, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6746-6899","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for More-Electric-Aircraft Power System, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100652268","display_name":"Zhuoran Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9433-9328"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhuoran Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for More-Electric-Aircraft Power System, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9433-9328","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for More-Electric-Aircraft Power System, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113279411","display_name":"Qiuyu Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6230-9341"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiuyu Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for More-Electric-Aircraft Power System, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for More-Electric-Aircraft Power System, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100346562","display_name":"Ye Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8089-8820"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152031979","display_name":"Nanjing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/036trcv74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152031979"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ye Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8089-8820","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152031979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005159231","display_name":"Huamin Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5565-0284"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huamin Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for More-Electric-Aircraft Power System, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5565-0284","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for More-Electric-Aircraft Power System, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022179111","display_name":"Yiming Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7490-8938"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiming Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for More-Electric-Aircraft Power System, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7490-8938","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for More-Electric-Aircraft Power System, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yuxi Hua","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuxi Hua","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for More-Electric-Aircraft Power System, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for More-Electric-Aircraft Power System, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016712501"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.30263227,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"2","first_page":"1804","last_page":"1815"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10717","display_name":"Aluminum Alloys Composites Properties","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10717","display_name":"Aluminum Alloys Composites Properties","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12080","display_name":"Injection Molding Process and Properties","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11201","display_name":"Metallurgy and Material Forming","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/torque","display_name":"Torque","score":0.7782999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.6801000237464905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/torque-density","display_name":"Torque density","score":0.5805000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnet","display_name":"Magnet","score":0.5371000170707703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finite-element-method","display_name":"Finite element method","score":0.5364999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stack","display_name":"Stack (abstract data type)","score":0.4894999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direct-torque-control","display_name":"Direct torque control","score":0.41510000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leakage","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","score":0.40450000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","score":0.4016999900341034}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144171764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48103","display_name":"Torque","level":2,"score":0.7782999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.6801000237464905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780932299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7826794","display_name":"Torque density","level":3,"score":0.5805000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16389437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11421","display_name":"Magnet","level":2,"score":0.5371000170707703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135628077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220184","display_name":"Finite element method","level":2,"score":0.5364999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9395851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177929","display_name":"Stack (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4894999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4172999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109871850","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1227571","display_name":"Direct torque control","level":4,"score":0.41510000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509304","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","level":2,"score":0.40450000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.4016999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.3425999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29513896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7489239","display_name":"Shape optimization","level":3,"score":0.33169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3208000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17348537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7597300","display_name":"Stall torque","level":5,"score":0.31790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20892748","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4390394","display_name":"Magnetic flux leakage","level":3,"score":0.30820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189216461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2443456","display_name":"Topology optimization","level":3,"score":0.2953000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30403606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2981904","display_name":"Electromagnetic coil","level":2,"score":0.28769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165464430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1570441","display_name":"Parameterized complexity","level":2,"score":0.2847000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.2766000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.2736000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986944758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845675","display_name":"Permanent magnet synchronous motor","level":3,"score":0.26429998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71376005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845675","display_name":"Synchronous motor","level":2,"score":0.2563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778915421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3643177","display_name":"Performance improvement","level":2,"score":0.2531000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tie.2025.3605433","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2025.3605433","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58031724","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","issn_l":"0278-0046","issn":["0278-0046","1557-9948"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2433106103","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2141223","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1898568039","https://openalex.org/W2037226399","https://openalex.org/W2129104824","https://openalex.org/W2169123686","https://openalex.org/W2342786839","https://openalex.org/W2410876388","https://openalex.org/W2590340123","https://openalex.org/W2748487870","https://openalex.org/W2769466456","https://openalex.org/W2802815290","https://openalex.org/W2810013769","https://openalex.org/W2910021996","https://openalex.org/W2939705751","https://openalex.org/W2995775092","https://openalex.org/W3109511938","https://openalex.org/W4200293987","https://openalex.org/W4205276029","https://openalex.org/W4242782431","https://openalex.org/W4295789157","https://openalex.org/W4301052672","https://openalex.org/W4324116511","https://openalex.org/W4386282435","https://openalex.org/W4387415073","https://openalex.org/W4388937514","https://openalex.org/W4391342509"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"High":[0],"torque":[1,50,142,161,187],"density":[2,51,188],"permanent":[3],"magnet":[4],"synchronous":[5],"machines":[6],"(PMSMs)":[7],"are":[8,59,124,150],"typically":[9],"designed":[10],"with":[11,128],"large":[12,23],"outer":[13,29],"diameters":[14],"and":[15,69,75,98,106,117,131,147,163,173,181],"short":[16],"stack":[17,32],"lengths.":[18],"This":[19],"results":[20],"in":[21],"a":[22,85,100,107,167],"shape":[24,139],"ratio":[25,27,140],"(the":[26],"of":[28,52,65,119,138,144,184],"diameter":[30],"to":[31,36,175],"length),":[33],"which":[34,91],"leads":[35],"significant":[37],"end":[38,57,66,70,178],"effects":[39,58,80],"that":[40],"can":[41],"notably":[42],"impact":[43],"motor":[44],"performance.":[45],"To":[46,73],"further":[47],"improve":[48],"the":[49,63,82,95,120,136,154,177,182,185],"various":[53],"flat":[54,168],"PMSM":[55,169],"topologies,":[56],"first":[60],"analyzed,":[61],"including":[62],"contributions":[64],"winding":[67],"mass":[68],"leakage":[71],"flux.":[72],"accurately":[74],"efficiently":[76],"account":[77,159],"for":[78],"these":[79],"during":[81],"optimization":[83,87,133],"process,":[84],"hybrid":[86,122,155],"method":[88,123],"is":[89,92,171],"established,":[90],"based":[93],"on":[94,141],"genetic":[96],"algorithm":[97],"combines":[99],"2-D":[101,130],"finite":[102],"element":[103],"(FE)":[104],"model":[105],"parameterized":[108],"3-D":[109,132],"equivalent":[110],"magnetic":[111],"circuit":[112],"(EMC)":[113],"model.":[114],"The":[115],"validity":[116],"superiority":[118],"proposed":[121,186],"demonstrated":[125],"through":[126],"comparisons":[127],"both":[129],"approaches.":[134],"Furthermore,":[135],"influences":[137],"densities":[143],"inner-rotor,":[145],"outer-rotor,":[146],"dual-rotor":[148],"PMSMs":[149],"comparatively":[151],"studied":[152],"using":[153],"method,":[156],"taking":[157],"into":[158],"varying":[160],"requirements":[162],"thermal":[164],"effects.":[165],"Finally,":[166],"prototype":[170],"developed":[172],"tested":[174],"validate":[176],"effect":[179],"analysis":[180],"effectiveness":[183],"improvement":[189],"approach.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-02-11T14:41:00.668223","created_date":"2025-10-28T00:00:00"}