{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410341192","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2025.3559969","title":"Fast Charging Management of a Lithium-Ion Battery and Cooling System: A Stackelberg Game-Based Soft Actor Critic\u2212Deep Reinforcement Learning Method","display_name":"Fast Charging Management of a Lithium-Ion Battery and Cooling System: A Stackelberg Game-Based Soft Actor Critic\u2212Deep Reinforcement Learning Method","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410341192","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2025.3559969"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tie.2025.3559969","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2025.3559969","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58031724","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","issn_l":"0278-0046","issn":["0278-0046","1557-9948"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067044690","display_name":"Hongrong Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3008-0083"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114105","display_name":"Tsinghua\u2013Berkeley Shenzhen Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02hhwwz98","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I95457486","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongrong Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3008-0083","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076516078","display_name":"Quanyi Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114105","display_name":"Tsinghua\u2013Berkeley Shenzhen Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02hhwwz98","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I95457486","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quanyi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1426-8808","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102979799","display_name":"Xiaoying Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1565-7040"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoying Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering (BEEE), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1565-7040","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering (BEEE), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072434311","display_name":"Yinliang Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5149-5101"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114105","display_name":"Tsinghua\u2013Berkeley Shenzhen Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02hhwwz98","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I95457486","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinliang Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5149-5101","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060944435","display_name":"Xuan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7537-4002"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114105","display_name":"Tsinghua\u2013Berkeley Shenzhen Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02hhwwz98","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I95457486","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7537-4002","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9969,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75095824,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":"11","first_page":"11347","last_page":"11359"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9153000116348267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9153000116348267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7796100378036499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stackelberg-competition","display_name":"Stackelberg competition","score":0.6066912412643433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","score":0.5546181797981262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement","display_name":"Reinforcement","score":0.5120428204536438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lithium","display_name":"Lithium (medication)","score":0.500755786895752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49955010414123535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lithium-ion-battery","display_name":"Lithium-ion battery","score":0.49142706394195557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.3839137554168701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3770520091056824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.31223464012145996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2622528374195099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.14733606576919556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.1391604244709015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.11424800753593445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11408928036689758}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7796100378036499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199510392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184602","display_name":"Stackelberg competition","level":2,"score":0.6066912412643433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.5546181797981262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.5120428204536438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778541603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152763","display_name":"Lithium (medication)","level":2,"score":0.500755786895752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49955010414123535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779197387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2822895","display_name":"Lithium-ion battery","level":4,"score":0.49142706394195557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.3839137554168701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3770520091056824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.31223464012145996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2622528374195099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.14733606576919556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.1391604244709015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.11424800753593445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11408928036689758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tie.2025.3559969","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2025.3559969","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58031724","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","issn_l":"0278-0046","issn":["0278-0046","1557-9948"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.6100000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3713716021","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52277107","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5123574733","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024YFB4206500","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2029835489","https://openalex.org/W2089415692","https://openalex.org/W2105543784","https://openalex.org/W2154995472","https://openalex.org/W2593630474","https://openalex.org/W2802521917","https://openalex.org/W3156070738","https://openalex.org/W4200140570","https://openalex.org/W4205317435","https://openalex.org/W4205464771","https://openalex.org/W4205626718","https://openalex.org/W4309307321","https://openalex.org/W4312246237","https://openalex.org/W4312712304","https://openalex.org/W4313567794","https://openalex.org/W4313627847","https://openalex.org/W4319302944","https://openalex.org/W4321021010","https://openalex.org/W4327522256","https://openalex.org/W4376607995","https://openalex.org/W4386232371","https://openalex.org/W4386432035","https://openalex.org/W4386568136","https://openalex.org/W4390187181","https://openalex.org/W4391341311","https://openalex.org/W4394585991","https://openalex.org/W4399039584","https://openalex.org/W4399800973","https://openalex.org/W4400579964","https://openalex.org/W4401070312","https://openalex.org/W4401567404","https://openalex.org/W4402159517","https://openalex.org/W4402557625","https://openalex.org/W4403511034"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2995074223","https://openalex.org/W2357719166","https://openalex.org/W4224246090","https://openalex.org/W3165173190","https://openalex.org/W2080384327","https://openalex.org/W2159458361","https://openalex.org/W3161330592","https://openalex.org/W2274723115","https://openalex.org/W3201198192","https://openalex.org/W3089487084"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,111],"article":[1],"proposes":[2],"a":[3,45,64],"fast":[4,19,116],"charging":[5,20,57],"management":[6],"strategy":[7],"for":[8],"lithium-ion":[9],"batteries":[10],"and":[11,30,39,58,102,127],"cooling":[12,27,40,59],"systems,":[13],"tackling":[14],"the":[15,37,52,56,87],"challenge":[16],"of":[17,55,78],"achieving":[18],"under":[21],"multiple":[22],"physical":[23],"constraints":[24],"while":[25],"minimizing":[26],"energy":[28,125],"consumption":[29],"battery":[31,38,128],"aging.":[32],"The":[33],"complex":[34],"coupling":[35],"between":[36],"system":[41],"is":[42,73],"formulated":[43],"as":[44],"Stackelberg":[46,65],"game-based":[47,66],"bilevel":[48],"optimization":[49],"framework,":[50],"reflecting":[51],"sequential":[53],"interactions":[54],"processes.":[60],"To":[61],"address":[62],"this,":[63],"soft":[67],"actor-critic":[68],"deep":[69,97],"reinforcement":[70,98],"learning":[71],"method":[72],"developed,":[74],"with":[75],"rigorous":[76],"proof":[77],"convergence":[79],"ensuring":[80],"its":[81,90],"reliability.":[82],"Extensive":[83],"experimental":[84],"results":[85],"validate":[86],"method,":[88],"showing":[89],"superiority":[91],"over":[92],"state-of-the-art":[93],"strategies,":[94],"including":[95],"single-agent":[96],"learning,":[99],"Bayesian":[100],"methods,":[101],"constant":[103],"current\u2212constant":[104],"voltage":[105],"(CCCV)\u2212proportional":[106],"integral":[107],"derivative":[108],"(PID)":[109],"control.":[110],"approach":[112],"achieves":[113],"safe,":[114],"energy-efficient":[115],"charging,":[117],"offering":[118],"an":[119],"effective":[120],"solution":[121],"to":[122],"balance":[123],"performance,":[124],"use,":[126],"longevity.":[129]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
