{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400073417","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2024.3401198","title":"Design of Axial-Flux Permanent Magnet Motors With High Torque Density and Low Thermal Raise for Electric Motorcycle","display_name":"Design of Axial-Flux Permanent Magnet Motors With High Torque Density and Low Thermal Raise for Electric Motorcycle","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400073417","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2024.3401198"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tie.2024.3401198","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2024.3401198","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58031724","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","issn_l":"0278-0046","issn":["0278-0046","1557-9948"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001085346","display_name":"You Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0802-1079"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"You Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0802-1079","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057907915","display_name":"Junyao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5290-3273"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junyao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid Hubei Economic Research Institute, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5290-3273","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Hubei Economic Research Institute, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082170821","display_name":"Zhi Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4110-3412"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4110-3412","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051097158","display_name":"Guanghui Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1083-3623"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guanghui Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1083-3623","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048941040","display_name":"Yaojie He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7441-5183"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaojie He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7441-5183","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100340358","display_name":"An Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5952-3349"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"An Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5952-3349","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106405908","display_name":"Ning Kang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ning Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1096-7314","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100434479","display_name":"Jiahao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8927-5646"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I30809798","display_name":"ShanghaiTech University","ror":"https://ror.org/030bhh786","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiahao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8927-5646","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100461247","display_name":"Christopher H. T. Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5132-4126"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher H.T. Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5132-4126","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001085346"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1728,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87764817,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":"1","first_page":"734","last_page":"744"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10278","display_name":"Electric Motor Design and Analysis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10278","display_name":"Electric Motor Design and Analysis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10504","display_name":"Sensorless Control of Electric Motors","score":0.9850000143051147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12898","display_name":"Induction Heating and Inverter Technology","score":0.9729999899864197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnet","display_name":"Magnet","score":0.7328153848648071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/torque","display_name":"Torque","score":0.6946996450424194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direct-torque-control","display_name":"Direct torque control","score":0.6147265434265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/permanent-magnet-motor","display_name":"Permanent magnet motor","score":0.5532479286193848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-flux","display_name":"Magnetic flux","score":0.5436382293701172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/torque-density","display_name":"Torque density","score":0.5300542712211609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-motor","display_name":"Electric motor","score":0.49840307235717773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electropermanent-magnet","display_name":"Electropermanent magnet","score":0.48796647787094116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.4814114570617676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flux","display_name":"Flux (metallurgy)","score":0.43361184000968933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.39693784713745117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.39246484637260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3671969175338745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/permanent-magnet-synchronous-generator","display_name":"Permanent magnet synchronous generator","score":0.3072926700115204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/induction-motor","display_name":"Induction motor","score":0.29044756293296814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.271831750869751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.26296547055244446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2468968629837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-field","display_name":"Magnetic field","score":0.1690739095211029}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16389437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11421","display_name":"Magnet","level":2,"score":0.7328153848648071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144171764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48103","display_name":"Torque","level":2,"score":0.6946996450424194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109871850","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1227571","display_name":"Direct torque control","level":4,"score":0.6147265434265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776617710","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28454009","display_name":"Permanent magnet motor","level":3,"score":0.5532479286193848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157479481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177831","display_name":"Magnetic flux","level":3,"score":0.5436382293701172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780932299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7826794","display_name":"Torque density","level":3,"score":0.5300542712211609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176871988","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72313","display_name":"Electric motor","level":2,"score":0.49840307235717773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12534926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5357916","display_name":"Electropermanent magnet","level":4,"score":0.48796647787094116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4814114570617676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68709404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134475","display_name":"Flux (metallurgy)","level":2,"score":0.43361184000968933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.39693784713745117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.39246484637260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3671969175338745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201320609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3274420","display_name":"Permanent magnet synchronous generator","level":3,"score":0.3072926700115204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80962145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207450","display_name":"Induction motor","level":3,"score":0.29044756293296814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.271831750869751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.26296547055244446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2468968629837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115260700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11408","display_name":"Magnetic field","level":2,"score":0.1690739095211029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tie.2024.3401198","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2024.3401198","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58031724","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","issn_l":"0278-0046","issn":["0278-0046","1557-9948"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/181276","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2024.3401198","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8299999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2034092137","https://openalex.org/W2037600830","https://openalex.org/W2070127946","https://openalex.org/W2074860833","https://openalex.org/W2106870367","https://openalex.org/W2138869563","https://openalex.org/W2154691828","https://openalex.org/W2170544009","https://openalex.org/W2889276596","https://openalex.org/W2971650680","https://openalex.org/W2999650510","https://openalex.org/W3092580073","https://openalex.org/W3158528900","https://openalex.org/W3172732923","https://openalex.org/W3196878453","https://openalex.org/W3211931840","https://openalex.org/W4200294182","https://openalex.org/W4205149506","https://openalex.org/W4224225100","https://openalex.org/W4301052672","https://openalex.org/W4312442369","https://openalex.org/W4361859936","https://openalex.org/W4380079469","https://openalex.org/W4383903670","https://openalex.org/W4388726465","https://openalex.org/W4391992330"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2771330774","https://openalex.org/W3034782676","https://openalex.org/W4352981677","https://openalex.org/W4200169158","https://openalex.org/W4296986456","https://openalex.org/W4317747956","https://openalex.org/W2100021445","https://openalex.org/W4289175117","https://openalex.org/W2055277537","https://openalex.org/W4399708149"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Axial-flux":[0],"permanent":[1],"magnet":[2],"synchronous":[3],"motor":[4],"(AFPMSM)":[5],"is":[6,39,64,77,155],"a":[7,72,101,113,132],"compact":[8],"and":[9,21,50,71,87,95,112,149],"high-torque":[10],"solution":[11],"for":[12,107,161],"direct-drive":[13],"e-bikes.":[14],"However,":[15],"its":[16,26],"complex":[17],"3-D":[18],"flux":[19],"path":[20],"thermal":[22],"management":[23],"challenges":[24],"hinder":[25],"efficiency.":[27],"To":[28],"address":[29],"these":[30],"issues,":[31],"an":[32,158],"AFPMSM":[33,63,85],"with":[34,82],"Halbach":[35],"PM":[36,84],"array":[37],"(H-AFPMSM)":[38],"proposed.":[40],"Leveraging":[41],"self-shielding":[42],"magnetization,":[43],"the":[44,62,128,138,153],"H-AFPMSM":[45,108,130,154],"demonstrates":[46],"higher":[47],"magnetic":[48],"loading":[49],"significantly":[51],"reduces":[52],"heat":[53],"dissipation":[54],"while":[55],"maintaining":[56],"torque":[57,105],"density.":[58],"The":[59],"performance":[60,150],"of":[61],"first":[65],"analyzed":[66],"to":[67,110,120,123,144],"guide":[68],"topology":[69],"selection":[70],"rapid":[73,147],"three-stage":[74],"optimization":[75],"method":[76],"proposed":[78,129],"thereby.":[79],"Comparative":[80],"analysis":[81,94],"surface-mounted":[83],"(S-AFPMSM)":[86],"radial-flux":[88],"PMSM":[89],"(RFPMSM)":[90],"via":[91],"finite":[92],"element":[93],"5-kW":[96],"full-loading":[97],"prototype":[98],"testing":[99],"shows":[100],"30%":[102],"increase":[103],"in":[104,116,135],"density":[106],"compared":[109,119,143],"RFPMSM":[111],"40\u00b0C":[114],"decrease":[115],"coil":[117],"temperatures":[118],"S-AFPMSM":[121],"due":[122],"25%":[124],"loss":[125],"reduction.":[126],"Moreover,":[127],"exhibits":[131],"5%\u223c10%":[133],"improvement":[134],"efficiency":[136],"across":[137],"entire":[139],"operating":[140],"speed":[141],"range":[142],"S-AFPMSM.":[145],"Via":[146],"simulation":[148],"enhancement":[151],"techniques,":[152],"developed":[156],"as":[157],"ideal":[159],"fit":[160],"e-bike":[162],"scenario.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T08:41:31.759640","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}