{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391021665","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2024.3349574","title":"Grid-Forming Inverters in a Microgrid: Maintaining Power During an Outage and Restoring Connection to the Utility Grid Without Communication","display_name":"Grid-Forming Inverters in a Microgrid: Maintaining Power During an Outage and Restoring Connection to the Utility Grid Without Communication","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391021665","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2024.3349574"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tie.2024.3349574","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2024.3349574","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58031724","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","issn_l":"0278-0046","issn":["0278-0046","1557-9948"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016796340","display_name":"Fahmid Sadeque","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2489-6505"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189590672","display_name":"Kansas State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05p1j8758","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189590672"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fahmid Sadeque","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2489-6505","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189590672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009682415","display_name":"Mehmetcan Gursoy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0986-713X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189590672","display_name":"Kansas State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05p1j8758","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189590672"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehmetcan Gursoy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0986-713X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189590672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083266227","display_name":"Behrooz Mirafzal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6998-1463"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189590672","display_name":"Kansas State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05p1j8758","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189590672"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Behrooz Mirafzal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6998-1463","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189590672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.739,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98323829,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":"10","first_page":"11796","last_page":"11805"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13183","display_name":"Islanding Detection in Power Systems","score":0.9835000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microgrid","display_name":"Microgrid","score":0.8931549191474915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage-droop","display_name":"Voltage droop","score":0.756436288356781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relay","display_name":"Relay","score":0.623725414276123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.6137851476669312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.6024590730667114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.5563544034957886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5523557662963867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.510572075843811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-frequency-control","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","score":0.46256574988365173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-generation","display_name":"Distributed generation","score":0.4582712948322296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.44650745391845703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.3630102276802063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3612087368965149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.36029693484306335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.35244250297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage-source","display_name":"Voltage source","score":0.32082921266555786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.3001905381679535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.2657371759414673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.20589354634284973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.16827166080474854}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776784348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5762595","display_name":"Microgrid","level":3,"score":0.8931549191474915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40760162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10920295","display_name":"Voltage droop","level":4,"score":0.756436288356781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778156585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174053","display_name":"Relay","level":3,"score":0.623725414276123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.6137851476669312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.6024590730667114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.5563544034957886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5523557662963867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.510572075843811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25915539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220786","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","level":2,"score":0.46256574988365173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544738498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861135","display_name":"Distributed generation","level":3,"score":0.4582712948322296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.44650745391845703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.3630102276802063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3612087368965149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.36029693484306335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.35244250297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144655898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161128","display_name":"Voltage source","level":3,"score":0.32082921266555786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3001905381679535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2657371759414673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.20589354634284973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.16827166080474854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tie.2024.3349574","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2024.3349574","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58031724","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","issn_l":"0278-0046","issn":["0278-0046","1557-9948"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.5099999904632568,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3799624599","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECCS 1920266","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2349700491","https://openalex.org/W3132792237","https://openalex.org/W3132497606","https://openalex.org/W4210526872","https://openalex.org/W2168694011","https://openalex.org/W2996701762","https://openalex.org/W2355150740","https://openalex.org/W1570369983","https://openalex.org/W2051053503","https://openalex.org/W2906602677"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,98],"article":[1,99],"presents":[2],"an":[3,82],"autonomous":[4],"control":[5,126,141,145,161],"architecture":[6,127],"for":[7,132],"grid-interactive":[8],"inverters,":[9,37,133],"focusing":[10],"on":[11,91,115],"the":[12,25,30,52,59,68,77,95,157,184,191],"inverters":[13,69,106],"providing":[14],"power":[15],"in":[16],"a":[17,62,101,129,135,167],"microgrid":[18,26,53],"during":[19],"utility":[20,31,60,110],"outages.":[21],"In":[22],"scenarios":[23],"where":[24],"becomes":[27],"isolated":[28],"from":[29,118],"grid,":[32,61],"achieving":[33],"load":[34],"sharing":[35],"among":[36],"typically":[38],"via":[39],"droop":[40],"controls,":[41],"and":[42,45,74,152,171,187],"restoring":[43],"frequency":[44,75],"voltage":[46,73,89],"amplitude":[47],"become":[48],"essential":[49],"tasks.":[50],"When":[51],"is":[54],"ready":[55],"to":[56,76,107,121],"reconnect":[57],"with":[58,143],"synchrocheck":[63],"relay":[64,96],"verifies":[65],"synchronization,":[66],"assuming":[67],"have":[70],"already":[71],"restored":[72],"nominal":[78],"levels.":[79],"Before":[80],"reconnection,":[81],"automatic":[83],"tap-changer":[84],"transformer":[85],"can":[86],"correct":[87],"minor":[88],"discrepancies":[90],"both":[92],"sides":[93],"of":[94,159,190],"(circuit-breaker).":[97],"introduces":[100],"novel":[102],"method":[103],"that":[104],"enables":[105],"autonomously":[108],"detect":[109],"grid":[111,169],"reconnection":[112],"without":[113],"relying":[114],"communication,":[116],"transferring":[117],"grid-forming":[119],"(GFM)":[120],"grid-following":[122],"(GFL)":[123],"mode.":[124],"The":[125,178],"employs":[128],"direct":[130],"controller":[131],"implementing":[134],"control-sync":[136],"technique":[137],"featuring":[138],"two":[139],"parallel":[140],"paths":[142],"minimal":[144],"loops,":[146],"facilitating":[147],"seamless":[148],"transitions":[149],"between":[150],"GFM":[151],"GFL":[153],"modes.":[154],"To":[155],"validate":[156],"effectiveness":[158],"this":[160],"architecture,":[162],"experiments":[163],"were":[164],"conducted":[165],"using":[166],"30-kVA":[168],"emulator":[170],"three":[172],"5\u201310":[173],"kVA,":[174],"208-V":[175],"three-phase":[176],"inverters.":[177],"results":[179],"offer":[180],"valuable":[181],"insights":[182],"into":[183],"practical":[185],"implementation":[186],"demonstrate":[188],"performance":[189],"proposed":[192],"controller.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
