{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385281970","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2023.3294584","title":"Deep Reinforcement Learning-Enabled Distributed Uniform Control for a DC Solid State Transformer in DC Microgrid","display_name":"Deep Reinforcement Learning-Enabled Distributed Uniform Control for a DC Solid State Transformer in DC Microgrid","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385281970","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2023.3294584"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tie.2023.3294584","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2023.3294584","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58031724","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","issn_l":"0278-0046","issn":["0278-0046","1557-9948"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063378142","display_name":"Yu Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1929-5537"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yu Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1929-5537","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002357319","display_name":"Josep Pou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3114-781X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Josep Pou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3114-781X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007758018","display_name":"Changjiang Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3881-1680"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changjiang Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rolls-Royce@NTU Corporate Lab, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3881-1680","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rolls-Royce@NTU Corporate Lab, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062039431","display_name":"Xinze Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3513-209X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinze Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3513-209X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060349934","display_name":"Gaowen Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1514-3851"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaowen Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1514-3851","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073745810","display_name":"Yang Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3163-137X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3163-137X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103802901","display_name":"Suvajit Mukherjee","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suvajit Mukherjee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rolls-Royce Singapore Private Limited, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rolls-Royce Singapore Private Limited, Singapore","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083486855","display_name":"Amit Kumar Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9829-2974"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amit Kumar Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rolls-Royce Singapore Private Limited, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9829-2974","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rolls-Royce Singapore Private Limited, Singapore","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063378142"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.3042,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94890356,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":"6","first_page":"5818","last_page":"5829"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10175","display_name":"Advanced DC-DC Converters","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10179","display_name":"Supercapacitor Materials and Fabrication","score":0.9758999943733215,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7712070941925049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microgrid","display_name":"Microgrid","score":0.6262087821960449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redundancy","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","score":0.6134862303733826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5916409492492676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.48633939027786255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.4791233539581299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.40437445044517517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.29280203580856323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2729039788246155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.21611487865447998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.10955891013145447}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7712070941925049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776784348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5762595","display_name":"Microgrid","level":3,"score":0.6262087821960449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6134862303733826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5916409492492676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.48633939027786255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.4791233539581299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.40437445044517517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29280203580856323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2729039788246155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.21611487865447998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.10955891013145447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tie.2023.3294584","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2023.3294584","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58031724","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","issn_l":"0278-0046","issn":["0278-0046","1557-9948"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/03cpyc314"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320766","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1504052325","https://openalex.org/W1569546110","https://openalex.org/W1963865073","https://openalex.org/W2026352065","https://openalex.org/W2031236895","https://openalex.org/W2071728878","https://openalex.org/W2133436387","https://openalex.org/W2160605557","https://openalex.org/W2341457599","https://openalex.org/W2344312116","https://openalex.org/W2345302533","https://openalex.org/W2518526496","https://openalex.org/W2543196354","https://openalex.org/W2602788788","https://openalex.org/W2612878531","https://openalex.org/W2796252309","https://openalex.org/W2803890923","https://openalex.org/W2898408906","https://openalex.org/W2989914977","https://openalex.org/W2998731325","https://openalex.org/W3014982011","https://openalex.org/W3033408069","https://openalex.org/W3041884340","https://openalex.org/W3048301090","https://openalex.org/W3194718865","https://openalex.org/W3198114222","https://openalex.org/W4205104903","https://openalex.org/W4206630166","https://openalex.org/W4285111648","https://openalex.org/W4285125549","https://openalex.org/W4285192454","https://openalex.org/W4285278603","https://openalex.org/W4288062507","https://openalex.org/W4313396699"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1574359403","https://openalex.org/W2057975886","https://openalex.org/W4308700935","https://openalex.org/W4210780382","https://openalex.org/W2356033827","https://openalex.org/W2391138633","https://openalex.org/W4206134051","https://openalex.org/W2907234787","https://openalex.org/W4285503559","https://openalex.org/W1590827513"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"proposes":[2],"a":[3,9,24,45],"distributed":[4,112],"uniform":[5],"control":[6,34,95],"approach":[7,22],"for":[8,97],"dc":[10],"solid":[11],"state":[12],"transformer":[13],"(DCSST)":[14],"that":[15,92],"feeds":[16],"constant":[17],"power":[18],"loads.":[19],"The":[20,84,110],"proposed":[21,111,129],"utilizes":[23],"multiagent":[25,130],"deep":[26],"reinforcement":[27],"learning":[28],"(MADRL)":[29],"technique":[30],"to":[31,80,101],"coordinate":[32],"multiple":[33],"objectives.":[35],"During":[36],"the":[37,49,57,76,98,124,128],"offline":[38],"training":[39],"stage,":[40],"each":[41],"DRL":[42],"agent":[43],"supervises":[44],"submodule":[46],"(SM)":[47],"of":[48,127],"DCSST,":[50,99],"and":[51,70,116],"outputs":[52],"real-time":[53],"actions":[54],"based":[55],"on":[56],"received":[58],"states.":[59],"Optimal":[60],"phase-shift":[61,68],"ratio":[62],"combinations":[63],"are":[64],"learned":[65],"using":[66,105],"triple":[67],"modulation,":[69],"soft":[71],"actor-critic":[72],"(SAC)":[73],"agents":[74,86],"optimize":[75],"neural":[77],"network":[78],"parameters":[79],"enhance":[81],"controller":[82],"performance.":[83],"well-trained":[85],"act":[87],"as":[88],"fast":[89],"surrogate":[90],"models":[91],"provide":[93],"online":[94],"decisions":[96],"adapting":[100],"variant":[102],"environmental":[103],"conditions":[104],"only":[106],"local":[107],"SM":[108],"information.":[109],"configuration":[113],"improves":[114],"redundancy":[115],"modularity,":[117],"facilitating":[118],"hot-swap":[119],"experiments.":[120],"Experimental":[121],"results":[122],"demonstrate":[123],"excellent":[125],"performance":[126],"SAC":[131],"algorithm.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}