{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4384787288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2023.3292870","title":"Noncooperative Metal Object Detection Using Pole-to-Pole EM Distribution Characteristics for Wireless EV Charger Employing DD Coils","display_name":"Noncooperative Metal Object Detection Using Pole-to-Pole EM Distribution Characteristics for Wireless EV Charger Employing DD Coils","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4384787288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2023.3292870"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tie.2023.3292870","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2023.3292870","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58031724","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","issn_l":"0278-0046","issn":["0278-0046","1557-9948"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101865585","display_name":"Songyan Niu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2412-8207"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Songyan Niu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2412-8207","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081730973","display_name":"Qingyu Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5732-5127"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingyu Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5732-5127","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003590352","display_name":"Haibiao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5496-5359"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haibiao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5496-5359","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068246264","display_name":"Shuangxia Niu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5934-616X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuangxia Niu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5934-616X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049823092","display_name":"Linni Jian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5246-2835"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linni Jian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5246-2835","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1358,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92265954,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":"6","first_page":"6335","last_page":"6344"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11249","display_name":"Wireless Power Transfer Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11249","display_name":"Wireless Power Transfer Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10986","display_name":"RFID technology advancements","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-coil","display_name":"Electromagnetic coil","score":0.8018083572387695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.6180364489555359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.4889296591281891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.4862455427646637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitor","display_name":"Capacitor","score":0.4252049922943115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.38425058126449585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.35155975818634033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.30644088983535767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2978661060333252}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30403606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2981904","display_name":"Electromagnetic coil","level":2,"score":0.8018083572387695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.6180364489555359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4889296591281891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4862455427646637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52192207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5322","display_name":"Capacitor","level":3,"score":0.4252049922943115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38425058126449585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.35155975818634033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.30644088983535767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2978661060333252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tie.2023.3292870","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2023.3292870","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58031724","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","issn_l":"0278-0046","issn":["0278-0046","1557-9948"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2013534085","https://openalex.org/W2105069563","https://openalex.org/W2156965126","https://openalex.org/W2766028707","https://openalex.org/W2767746168","https://openalex.org/W2779383716","https://openalex.org/W2789305177","https://openalex.org/W2791310561","https://openalex.org/W2802987866","https://openalex.org/W2935105285","https://openalex.org/W2947283814","https://openalex.org/W2956212645","https://openalex.org/W2964677480","https://openalex.org/W2965100070","https://openalex.org/W2965246507","https://openalex.org/W2969371849","https://openalex.org/W2970974462","https://openalex.org/W3035890101","https://openalex.org/W3045092131","https://openalex.org/W3089708040","https://openalex.org/W3159133612","https://openalex.org/W4212853428","https://openalex.org/W4224107828","https://openalex.org/W4226353224","https://openalex.org/W4293441686","https://openalex.org/W4361018872","https://openalex.org/W6628609376"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2354365353","https://openalex.org/W2811287415","https://openalex.org/W1988437325","https://openalex.org/W2354835317","https://openalex.org/W2387913980","https://openalex.org/W2171140818","https://openalex.org/W2130152888","https://openalex.org/W2003918017","https://openalex.org/W3023469735","https://openalex.org/W2356735381"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Metal":[0],"object":[1],"detection":[2,111],"(MOD)":[3],"is":[4,105,118,187],"indispensable":[5],"for":[6,13,45],"wireless":[7],"electric":[8],"vehicle":[9],"charging":[10],"(WEVC)":[11],"systems":[12,37],"safety":[14],"concerns.":[15],"Most":[16],"recently,":[17],"interests":[18],"are":[19,51,132,148],"growing":[20],"in":[21,110,195],"MOD":[22,70],"by":[23,155],"electromagnetic":[24],"(EM)":[25],"sensing.":[26],"However,":[27],"current":[28],"works":[29],"based":[30],"on":[31,94],"EM":[32,48],"sensing":[33,49,61,99,115,146],"rarely":[34],"target":[35],"the":[36,65,81,95,122,136,169,177,181,184,192],"with":[38,107,139],"DD":[39,126],"coils,":[40],"a":[41,55,69,165],"promising":[42],"coil":[43,116],"type":[44],"commercialization.":[46],"Additionally,":[47],"schemes":[50],"mostly":[52],"derived":[53],"from":[54],"mindset,":[56],"viz.,":[57],"cooperation":[58],"between":[59],"two":[60],"coils":[62,100,127,131,147],"to":[63,120,134,150],"obtain":[64],"voltage":[66],"difference":[67],"as":[68],"criterion.":[71],"Hence,":[72],"undesired":[73],"out-of-phase":[74],"incident":[75],"becomes":[76],"an":[77],"inherent":[78],"problem":[79],"jeopardizing":[80],"success":[82],"rates":[83],"of":[84,97,125,162,183],"detection.":[85],"In":[86],"this":[87],"article,":[88],"noncooperative":[89],"MOD,":[90],"which":[91],"solely":[92],"relies":[93],"voltages":[96,171],"individual":[98],"rather":[101],"than":[102],"cooperative":[103],"ones,":[104],"proposed":[106,185],"absolute":[108],"confidence":[109],"results.":[112],"A":[113],"unique":[114],"array":[117],"devised":[119],"suit":[121],"field":[123],"characteristics":[124],"perfectly.":[128],"Size-modulated":[129],"patch":[130],"created":[133],"eliminate":[135],"undetectable":[137],"zones":[138],"proper":[140],"polarity":[141],"configuration.":[142],"Moreover,":[143,180],"virtual":[144],"double-layer":[145],"constructed":[149],"enhance":[151],"MOD's":[152],"reliability.":[153],"Tested":[154],"13":[156],"different":[157],"positions":[158],"and":[159],"three":[160],"types":[161],"MOs":[163],"using":[164],"3.0-kW":[166],"WEVC":[167],"prototype,":[168],"induced":[170],"reach":[172],"at":[173],"least":[174],"four":[175],"times":[176],"threshold":[178],"value.":[179],"stability":[182],"method":[186],"verified":[188],"successfully":[189],"no":[190],"matter":[191],"system":[193],"operates":[194],"light-load":[196],"or":[197],"heavy-load":[198],"conditions.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}