{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312857405","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2022.3224164","title":"A Smart Socket for Real-Time Nonintrusive Load Monitoring","display_name":"A Smart Socket for Real-Time Nonintrusive Load Monitoring","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312857405","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2022.3224164"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tie.2022.3224164","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2022.3224164","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58031724","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","issn_l":"0278-0046","issn":["0278-0046","1557-9948"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100409239","display_name":"Wu Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8774-4894"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168337820","display_name":"Chongqing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03n3v6d52","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168337820"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhao Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168337820"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100406971","display_name":"Chao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3238-0090"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126924076","display_name":"Chongqing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dcw5w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126924076"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Information Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Information Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126924076"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085478964","display_name":"Linyun Xiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8524-8256"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linyun Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069331281","display_name":"Ruiheng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8528-3809"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099437","display_name":"Hubei University Of Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/012a84b59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099437"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruiheng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Hubei University of Economics, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Hubei University of Economics, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099437"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053033809","display_name":"Tao Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1545-821X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10535382","display_name":"Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/03dgaqz26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Security and Information Law, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Security and Information Law, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101823404","display_name":"Huaiqing Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2631-4740"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huaiqing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100409239"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168337820"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9148,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73468263,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":"10","first_page":"10618","last_page":"10627"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9896000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.781107485294342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6896841526031494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.5867881178855896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5501400828361511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.5340197682380676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.46876925230026245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.4684118628501892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-model","display_name":"Markov model","score":0.4544321894645691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.42751482129096985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4012870192527771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.32640373706817627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.26121699810028076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.22860991954803467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.16649866104125977}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.781107485294342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6896841526031494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5867881178855896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5501400828361511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.5340197682380676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.46876925230026245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4684118628501892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163836022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6771326","display_name":"Markov model","level":3,"score":0.4544321894645691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.42751482129096985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4012870192527771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.32640373706817627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.26121699810028076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22860991954803467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.16649866104125977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tie.2022.3224164","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2022.3224164","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58031724","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","issn_l":"0278-0046","issn":["0278-0046","1557-9948"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6620462366","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42104072","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6740996341","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52201363","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2024988760","https://openalex.org/W2041818989","https://openalex.org/W2086052667","https://openalex.org/W2097481773","https://openalex.org/W2123910460","https://openalex.org/W2388796209","https://openalex.org/W2608242241","https://openalex.org/W2619907041","https://openalex.org/W2721835966","https://openalex.org/W2762106017","https://openalex.org/W2796550785","https://openalex.org/W2804306644","https://openalex.org/W2809334893","https://openalex.org/W2889749712","https://openalex.org/W2922660872","https://openalex.org/W2942281146","https://openalex.org/W2954752710","https://openalex.org/W2979537861","https://openalex.org/W3006228759","https://openalex.org/W3045430323","https://openalex.org/W3097489717","https://openalex.org/W3153124120","https://openalex.org/W3170622838","https://openalex.org/W3201539219"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1510894296","https://openalex.org/W2134386692","https://openalex.org/W2379651310","https://openalex.org/W2113019827","https://openalex.org/W1541249122","https://openalex.org/W2084326697","https://openalex.org/W2194396582","https://openalex.org/W2027903142","https://openalex.org/W2082284720","https://openalex.org/W2116722627"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,47,78],"the":[1,18,21,40,45,96,107,117,142,145,150],"field":[2],"of":[3,61,98,109,149],"nonintrusive":[4],"load":[5,22,36,55,100,122],"monitoring":[6],"(NILM),":[7],"scientists":[8],"across":[9],"various":[10],"institutions":[11],"have":[12],"published":[13],"extensive":[14],"research":[15],"on":[16,126],"both":[17],"hardware":[19,31],"and":[20,88,141,147],"disaggregation":[23,56,123],"algorithm.":[24],"However,":[25],"there":[26],"are":[27,139],"few":[28],"publicly":[29],"available":[30],"design":[32],"schemes":[33],"for":[34,54],"real-time":[35,99],"disaggregation.":[37,101],"This":[38],"increases":[39],"barrier":[41],"to":[42,68,72,94],"entry":[43],"into":[44],"field.":[46],"this":[48],"article,":[49],"a":[50,59,82,89,127,133],"novel":[51],"smart":[52,152],"socket":[53],"by":[57],"using":[58],"set":[60],"easily":[62],"accessible":[63],"sensors":[64],"is":[65],"presented,":[66],"aiming":[67],"enable":[69],"more":[70],"researchers":[71],"actively":[73],"participate":[74],"in":[75,116],"NILM":[76],"quickly.":[77],"addition,":[79],"we":[80],"combine":[81],"time-efficient":[83],"automatic":[84],"state":[85],"detection":[86],"algorithm":[87],"factorial":[90],"hidden":[91,119],"Markov":[92,120],"model":[93],"achieve":[95],"goal":[97],"The":[102],"proposed":[103,151],"method":[104],"also":[105],"alleviates":[106],"problem":[108],"requiring":[110],"extra":[111],"information":[112],"that":[113],"broadly":[114],"exists":[115],"traditional":[118],"model-based":[121],"algorithms.":[124],"Experiments":[125],"public":[128],"dataset":[129,134],"as":[130,132],"well":[131],"collected":[135],"from":[136],"our":[137],"laboratory":[138],"conducted,":[140],"results":[143],"confirm":[144],"efficiency":[146],"effectiveness":[148],"socket.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}