{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4226173013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2022.3156035","title":"Sensorless Current Balancing Control for Interleaved Half-Bridge Submodules in Modular Multilevel Converters","display_name":"Sensorless Current Balancing Control for Interleaved Half-Bridge Submodules in Modular Multilevel Converters","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4226173013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2022.3156035"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tie.2022.3156035","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2022.3156035","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58031724","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","issn_l":"0278-0046","issn":["0278-0046","1557-9948"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://cris.unibo.it/bitstream/11585/879570/5/sensorless%20current%20post%20print.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064161786","display_name":"Aleksandr Viatkin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3212-5989"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aleksandr Viatkin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3212-5989","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073121905","display_name":"Mattia Ricco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7482-1173"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mattia Ricco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7482-1173","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012167783","display_name":"Riccardo Mandrioli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3015-4150"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Riccardo Mandrioli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3015-4150","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064756696","display_name":"Tam\u00e1s Kerekes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7594-3298"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","display_name":"Aalborg University","ror":"https://ror.org/04m5j1k67","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tamas Kerekes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7594-3298","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019644280","display_name":"Remus Teodorescu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2617-7168"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","display_name":"Aalborg University","ror":"https://ror.org/04m5j1k67","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Remus Teodorescu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2617-7168","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067801328","display_name":"Gabriele Grandi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4565-1064"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriele Grandi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4565-1064","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9424,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85817709,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":"1","first_page":"5","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11102","display_name":"HVDC Systems and Fault Protection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11102","display_name":"HVDC Systems and Fault Protection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12598","display_name":"Cardiac Structural Anomalies and Repair","score":0.9293000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12491","display_name":"Superconductivity in MgB2 and Alloys","score":0.9175999760627747,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3104","display_name":"Condensed Matter Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/converters","display_name":"Converters","score":0.7733007669448853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.7430667877197266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitor","display_name":"Capacitor","score":0.7345069050788879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.5576363801956177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.5302426815032959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4942924976348877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observer","display_name":"Observer (physics)","score":0.4599437415599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.45013371109962463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/current","display_name":"Current (fluid)","score":0.4146067202091217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3791922926902771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.24024587869644165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.19855603575706482}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778422915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10302051","display_name":"Converters","level":3,"score":0.7733007669448853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.7430667877197266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52192207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5322","display_name":"Capacitor","level":3,"score":0.7345069050788879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.5576363801956177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.5302426815032959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4942924976348877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780704645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9251458","display_name":"Observer (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4599437415599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.45013371109962463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148043351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456944","display_name":"Current (fluid)","level":2,"score":0.4146067202091217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3791922926902771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.24024587869644165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.19855603575706482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tie.2022.3156035","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2022.3156035","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58031724","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","issn_l":"0278-0046","issn":["0278-0046","1557-9948"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/879570","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11585/879570","pdf_url":"https://cris.unibo.it/bitstream/11585/879570/5/sensorless%20current%20post%20print.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/42d7bd0d-75ca-43c1-b7b1-6584eb8ec7d1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://vbn.aau.dk/da/publications/42d7bd0d-75ca-43c1-b7b1-6584eb8ec7d1","pdf_url":"https://vbn.aau.dk/ws/files/706120168/accepted_paper_TIE2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401731","display_name":"VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","host_organization_name":"Aalborg University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Viatkin, A, Ricco, M, Mandrioli, R, Kerekes, T, Teodorescu, R & Grandi, G 2023, 'Sensorless Current Balancing Control for Interleaved Half-Bridge Submodules in Modular Multilevel Converters', IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 5-16. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2022.3156035","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/879570","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11585/879570","pdf_url":"https://cris.unibo.it/bitstream/11585/879570/5/sensorless%20current%20post%20print.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8399999737739563,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4226173013.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4226173013.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1987665611","https://openalex.org/W1991433981","https://openalex.org/W1998758791","https://openalex.org/W2079943365","https://openalex.org/W2098657002","https://openalex.org/W2161380756","https://openalex.org/W2170998309","https://openalex.org/W2320858657","https://openalex.org/W2493036444","https://openalex.org/W2507757002","https://openalex.org/W2562166267","https://openalex.org/W2759660409","https://openalex.org/W2783312379","https://openalex.org/W2883395817","https://openalex.org/W2947186296","https://openalex.org/W2970086161","https://openalex.org/W3035976253","https://openalex.org/W3132481093","https://openalex.org/W3138430755","https://openalex.org/W3176867332","https://openalex.org/W4226402916","https://openalex.org/W6755976714"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W631083485","https://openalex.org/W4313452936","https://openalex.org/W2097026685","https://openalex.org/W2480068220","https://openalex.org/W2070883797","https://openalex.org/W4386859288","https://openalex.org/W2102542442","https://openalex.org/W1986220761","https://openalex.org/W2042495646","https://openalex.org/W2161636646"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"new":[1,121],"state-observer-based":[2],"current":[3,39,48,73,152,184],"balancing":[4,49,92,114,133,142],"method":[5],"for":[6,116],"Modular":[7],"Multilevel":[8],"Converters":[9],"with":[10],"Interleaved":[11],"half-bridge":[12,28],"Sub-Modules":[13],"(ISM-MMC)":[14],"is":[15,118,160],"presented":[16],"in":[17,30,75],"this":[18],"article.":[19],"The":[20,120,154],"developed":[21],"observer":[22],"allows":[23],"estimating":[24],"currents":[25,54,59,91],"through":[26],"interleaved":[27,47,58,90,150,183],"legs":[29,151],"each":[31],"submodule":[32],"of":[33,71,86,101,127,144,156],"ISM-MMC":[34],"based":[35],"only":[36],"on":[37,168],"arm":[38],"and":[40,83,149,165,182],"submodule's":[41],"capacitor":[42,112,131,147],"voltage":[43,113,132,148],"measurements.":[44],"Then,":[45],"the":[46,52,57,69,79,87,102,124,128,157,173,178],"control":[50,64,93,185],"uses":[51],"estimated":[53],"to":[55,108,139],"reduce":[56],"imbalance":[60],"caused":[61],"by":[62,162,172],"upstream":[63],"actions.":[65],"This":[66],"technique":[67],"minimizes":[68],"number":[70],"required":[72],"sensors":[74],"ISM-MMC,":[76,145],"thereby":[77],"reducing":[78],"converter's":[80],"cost,":[81],"weight,":[82],"volume.":[84],"Capabilities":[85],"proposed":[88,158],"sensorless":[89],"have":[94],"been":[95],"tested":[96],"against":[97],"standard":[98],"parameter":[99],"tolerances":[100],"composing":[103],"passive":[104],"elements.":[105],"In":[106],"addition":[107],"that,":[109],"a":[110,169],"novel":[111],"strategy":[115],"MMCs":[117],"developed.":[119],"algorithm":[122],"contains":[123],"main":[125],"advantages":[126],"classical":[129],"sorting-based":[130],"methods":[134,159],"while":[135],"providing":[136],"an":[137],"opportunity":[138],"decouple":[140],"two":[141],"tasks":[143],"namely":[146],"balancing.":[153],"feasibility":[155],"verified":[161],"extensive":[163],"simulation":[164],"experimental":[166],"tests":[167],"laboratory":[170],"prototype":[171],"corresponding":[174],"system":[175],"response":[176],"under":[177],"output":[179],"characteristics":[180],"variation":[181],"perturbation.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}