{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210506901","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2022.3146631","title":"A Blockchain-Enabled Demand Management and Control Framework Driven by Deep Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"A Blockchain-Enabled Demand Management and Control Framework Driven by Deep Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210506901","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2022.3146631"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tie.2022.3146631","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2022.3146631","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58031724","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","issn_l":"0278-0046","issn":["0278-0046","1557-9948"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009578306","display_name":"Rui Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4962-4776"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70983195","display_name":"Syracuse University","ror":"https://ror.org/025r5qe02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70983195"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rui Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4962-4776","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70983195"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070250835","display_name":"Zhehan Yi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4866-7499"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193531525","display_name":"George Washington University","ror":"https://ror.org/00y4zzh67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhehan Yi","raw_affiliation_strings":["The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4866-7499","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086651883","display_name":"Yingmeng Xiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6515-1027"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43579087","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee","ror":"https://ror.org/031q21x57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingmeng Xiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055845984","display_name":"Di Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1469-7887"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Di Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ainergy, Santa Clara, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ainergy, Santa Clara, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101998716","display_name":"Chunlei Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5968-4512"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunlei Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Company, Ltd., Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Company, Ltd., Nanjing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079117782","display_name":"Haiwei Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8807-0254"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haiwei Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Company, Ltd., Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Company, Ltd., Nanjing, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009578306"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70983195"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6779,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90155222,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":"1","first_page":"430","last_page":"440"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7041221857070923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prosumer","display_name":"Prosumer","score":0.7015493512153625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demand-response","display_name":"Demand response","score":0.7005996108055115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.6385082006454468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.6272343397140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-power-plant","display_name":"Virtual power plant","score":0.6201519966125488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6175610423088074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-management","display_name":"Load management","score":0.5769858956336975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.558758020401001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.5309457778930664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.2880170941352844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-generation","display_name":"Distributed generation","score":0.2819022834300995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.28159117698669434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1566828191280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.15246057510375977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.10218465328216553}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7041221857070923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779939747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1145220","display_name":"Prosumer","level":3,"score":0.7015493512153625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779438525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5255048","display_name":"Demand response","level":3,"score":0.7005996108055115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.6385082006454468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.6272343397140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776033628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q785102","display_name":"Virtual power plant","level":4,"score":0.6201519966125488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6175610423088074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779370713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357554","display_name":"Load management","level":2,"score":0.5769858956336975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.558758020401001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.5309457778930664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.2880170941352844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544738498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861135","display_name":"Distributed generation","level":3,"score":0.2819022834300995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.28159117698669434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1566828191280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.15246057510375977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.10218465328216553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tie.2022.3146631","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2022.3146631","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58031724","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","issn_l":"0278-0046","issn":["0278-0046","1557-9948"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973522354","https://openalex.org/W2025773874","https://openalex.org/W2056684756","https://openalex.org/W2123017553","https://openalex.org/W2143022498","https://openalex.org/W2152995361","https://openalex.org/W2793390887","https://openalex.org/W2793435266","https://openalex.org/W2795276745","https://openalex.org/W2883628237","https://openalex.org/W2885341446","https://openalex.org/W2899639849","https://openalex.org/W2904635416","https://openalex.org/W2909146079","https://openalex.org/W2946624032","https://openalex.org/W2963155200","https://openalex.org/W2963317745","https://openalex.org/W2972852318","https://openalex.org/W2994779380","https://openalex.org/W3001209773","https://openalex.org/W3005335721","https://openalex.org/W3006765757","https://openalex.org/W3022083776","https://openalex.org/W3030363216","https://openalex.org/W3084190115","https://openalex.org/W3108765643","https://openalex.org/W3110237575","https://openalex.org/W3116243680","https://openalex.org/W3149578452","https://openalex.org/W6760755450"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4390678309","https://openalex.org/W2353074559","https://openalex.org/W2796114398","https://openalex.org/W2171108821","https://openalex.org/W2023642087","https://openalex.org/W1964693764","https://openalex.org/W2074513827","https://openalex.org/W2402141875","https://openalex.org/W3003575702","https://openalex.org/W1589973774"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,35,146],"rapid":[1],"development":[2],"of":[3,11,37,90,168],"Internet-of-Things":[4],"in":[5,133,150],"smart":[6],"grid":[7,94],"has":[8],"enabled":[9],"millions":[10],"grid-connected":[12],"distributed":[13],"controllable":[14,20],"resources":[15],"(DCR;":[16],"e.g.,":[17,61],"electric":[18],"vehicles,":[19],"loads)":[21],"to":[22,25,85,92,103,128,138,141],"provide":[23,93],"service":[24],"the":[26,104,111,130,166,169],"grid,":[27,105],"such":[28],"as":[29],"frequency":[30],"regulation":[31],"and":[32,58,82,109,116,161],"demand":[33],"response.":[34],"integration":[36],"these":[38],"DCRs":[39,91],"may":[40],"become":[41],"a":[42,87,134,151],"large":[43,88],"virtual":[44],"power":[45,101,144],"plant":[46],"network":[47],"with":[48],"various":[49],"characteristics.":[50],"This":[51],"poses":[52],"great":[53],"challenges":[54],"from":[55],"both":[56],"control":[57,81],"management":[59,83],"perspectives,":[60],"computation/communication":[62],"burden,":[63],"optimization":[64],"complexity,":[65],"scalability":[66],"limitation,":[67],"prosumer":[68],"privacy,":[69],"etc.":[70],"In":[71],"this":[72],"article,":[73],"we":[74],"propose":[75],"an":[76],"effective":[77],"autonomous":[78],"incentive-based":[79],"DCR":[80,107],"framework":[84],"integrate":[86],"amount":[89],"services,":[95],"which":[96,158],"simultaneously":[97],"provides":[98],"accurate":[99],"active":[100],"adjustment":[102],"optimizes":[106],"allocations,":[108],"maximizes":[110],"profits":[112],"for":[113],"all":[114],"prosumers":[115,140],"system":[117],"operators.":[118],"A":[119],"model-free":[120],"deep":[121],"deterministic":[122],"policy":[123],"gradient-based":[124],"method":[125,147],"is":[126,148],"designed":[127],"find":[129],"optimal":[131],"incentives":[132],"continuous":[135],"action":[136],"space":[137],"encourage":[139],"adjust":[142],"their":[143],"consumptions.":[145],"implemented":[149],"consortium":[152],"open-source":[153],"blockchain":[154],"platform,":[155],"Hyperledger":[156],"Fabric,":[157],"facilitates":[159],"controls":[160],"transaction":[162],"management.":[163],"To":[164],"demonstrate":[165],"effectiveness":[167],"framework,":[170],"extensive":[171],"experimental":[172],"studies":[173],"are":[174],"conducted":[175],"using":[176],"real-world":[177],"data.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-05-15T08:27:34.491423","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}