{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3174200648","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2021.3090714","title":"Design and Optimization of a High-Torque-Density Low-Torque-Ripple Vernier Machine Using Ferrite Magnets for Direct-Drive Applications","display_name":"Design and Optimization of a High-Torque-Density Low-Torque-Ripple Vernier Machine Using Ferrite Magnets for Direct-Drive Applications","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3174200648","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2021.3090714","mag":"3174200648"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tie.2021.3090714","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2021.3090714","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58031724","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","issn_l":"0278-0046","issn":["0278-0046","1557-9948"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030413315","display_name":"Cheng Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8579-7044"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83790135","display_name":"Whirlpool (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02gfwng46","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83790135"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Electrical Systems, Whirlpool Corporation, Benton Harbor, MI, USA","[EES, Whirlpool Corporation, Benton Harbor, MI, 49022, USA (e-mail: cgong30@gatech.edu)]"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8579-7044","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Electrical Systems, Whirlpool Corporation, Benton Harbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83790135"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[EES, Whirlpool Corporation, Benton Harbor, MI, 49022, USA (e-mail: cgong30@gatech.edu)]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83790135"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036756333","display_name":"Fang Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4190-5549"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83790135","display_name":"Whirlpool (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02gfwng46","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83790135"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fang Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Electrical Systems, Whirlpool Corporation, Benton Harbor, MI, USA","[EES, Whirlpool Corporation, Benton Harbor, MI, 49022, USA (e-mail: fang_deng@whirlpool.com)]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Electrical Systems, Whirlpool Corporation, Benton Harbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83790135"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[EES, Whirlpool Corporation, Benton Harbor, MI, 49022, USA (e-mail: fang_deng@whirlpool.com)]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83790135"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83790135"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.9339,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94294105,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"6","first_page":"5421","last_page":"5431"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10278","display_name":"Electric Motor Design and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10278","display_name":"Electric Motor Design and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11222","display_name":"Magnetic Properties and Applications","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11602","display_name":"Magnetic Bearings and Levitation Dynamics","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vernier-scale","display_name":"Vernier scale","score":0.8544880747795105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/torque-ripple","display_name":"Torque ripple","score":0.786569356918335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direct-torque-control","display_name":"Direct torque control","score":0.7172673940658569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/torque-density","display_name":"Torque density","score":0.6745177507400513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnet","display_name":"Magnet","score":0.6536368131637573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stator","display_name":"Stator","score":0.6413210034370422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/torque","display_name":"Torque","score":0.6355279684066772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-flux-leakage","display_name":"Magnetic flux leakage","score":0.5044249296188354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.49161988496780396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stall-torque","display_name":"Stall torque","score":0.4578588902950287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harmonics","display_name":"Harmonics","score":0.42246997356414795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3964081108570099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.3785499632358551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.3542419672012329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.35342755913734436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.25117313861846924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.1763937771320343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/induction-motor","display_name":"Induction motor","score":0.13099616765975952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.13069459795951843}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69710193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14946576","display_name":"Vernier scale","level":2,"score":0.8544880747795105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779675184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7826797","display_name":"Torque ripple","level":5,"score":0.786569356918335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109871850","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1227571","display_name":"Direct torque control","level":4,"score":0.7172673940658569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780932299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7826794","display_name":"Torque density","level":3,"score":0.6745177507400513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16389437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11421","display_name":"Magnet","level":2,"score":0.6536368131637573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776529397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190312","display_name":"Stator","level":2,"score":0.6413210034370422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144171764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48103","display_name":"Torque","level":2,"score":0.6355279684066772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20892748","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4390394","display_name":"Magnetic flux leakage","level":3,"score":0.5044249296188354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.49161988496780396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17348537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7597300","display_name":"Stall torque","level":5,"score":0.4578588902950287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188414643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001183","display_name":"Harmonics","level":3,"score":0.42246997356414795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3964081108570099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.3785499632358551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3542419672012329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.35342755913734436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.25117313861846924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.1763937771320343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80962145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207450","display_name":"Induction motor","level":3,"score":0.13099616765975952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.13069459795951843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tie.2021.3090714","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2021.3090714","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58031724","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","issn_l":"0278-0046","issn":["0278-0046","1557-9948"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5899999737739563}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1979722947","https://openalex.org/W1990830718","https://openalex.org/W2067254251","https://openalex.org/W2114246741","https://openalex.org/W2116106164","https://openalex.org/W2141239060","https://openalex.org/W2219957880","https://openalex.org/W2294772093","https://openalex.org/W2302070911","https://openalex.org/W2315004035","https://openalex.org/W2343997752","https://openalex.org/W2790252727","https://openalex.org/W2790850955","https://openalex.org/W2899823921","https://openalex.org/W2966480015","https://openalex.org/W2976332366","https://openalex.org/W3007479161","https://openalex.org/W3014598445","https://openalex.org/W3020151603","https://openalex.org/W3021680982","https://openalex.org/W3090964471","https://openalex.org/W3092580073","https://openalex.org/W3095199841","https://openalex.org/W4236835818"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899219710","https://openalex.org/W4214862794","https://openalex.org/W2588432124","https://openalex.org/W1548517846","https://openalex.org/W2731881618","https://openalex.org/W1585125300","https://openalex.org/W2588257868","https://openalex.org/W4384930988","https://openalex.org/W2940822752","https://openalex.org/W2607646882"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,36],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"Vernier":[3,25,43],"permanent":[4],"magnet":[5],"machines":[6,26],"(VPMs)":[7],"have":[8],"gained":[9],"much":[10],"interest":[11],"in":[12,33,55,63,72,76],"academia.":[13],"However,":[14],"due":[15],"to":[16,30,78,98,118,130,189],"the":[17,21,64,73,80,85,93,105,120,124,132,149,176,183,190,195],"large":[18],"leakage":[19,81],"flux,":[20],"power":[22,135,164],"factor":[23,136,165],"of":[24,91,108,143,166,194],"is":[27,48,100,116,127,180,187],"too":[28],"low":[29],"be":[31],"applied":[32],"real":[34],"industry.":[35,58],"this":[37],"article,":[38],"a":[39,144,162],"novel":[40],"split-tooth,":[41],"concentrated-winding":[42],"machine":[44,146,174],"using":[45],"ferrite":[46],"magnets":[47,62,71],"proposed":[49,101,150],"for":[50],"high-torque,":[51],"low-speed":[52],"direct-drive":[53],"applications":[54],"home":[56],"appliance":[57],"It":[59,179],"uses":[60],"consequent-pole":[61],"rotor,":[65],"as":[66,68],"well":[67],"additional":[69],"assisted":[70],"stator":[74],"teeth,":[75],"order":[77],"reduce":[79],"flux":[82,197],"and":[83,137,157],"boost":[84,186],"torque":[86,94,156,185],"density.":[87,198],"A":[88,112],"systematic":[89],"way":[90],"reducing":[92],"ripple":[95],"from":[96],"40%":[97],"4%":[99],"by":[102],"carefully":[103,128],"choosing":[104],"right":[106],"combination":[107],"stator/rotor":[109],"pole-pair":[110],"numbers.":[111],"comprehensive":[113],"design":[114,151],"optimization":[115],"conducted":[117],"achieve":[119,153],"optimal":[121],"performance.":[122],"Finally,":[123],"ac":[125],"loading":[126],"reduced":[129],"meet":[131],"torque,":[133],"saturation,":[134],"space":[138],"requirements.":[139],"The":[140],"test":[141],"results":[142],"prototyped":[145],"show":[147],"that":[148,182],"can":[152],"34%":[154],"more":[155],"20%":[158],"less":[159],"loss":[160],"with":[161,169],"reasonable":[163],"0.63,":[167],"compared":[168],"an":[170],"optimized":[171],"PM":[172],"synchronous":[173],"under":[175],"same":[177],"volume.":[178],"found":[181],"significant":[184],"attributed":[188],"multiple":[191],"working":[192],"harmonics":[193],"air-gap":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}