{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3135246381","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2021.3062273","title":"A Novel Energy Management Strategy Based on Dual Reward Function Q-learning for Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle","display_name":"A Novel Energy Management Strategy Based on Dual Reward Function Q-learning for Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3135246381","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2021.3062273","mag":"3135246381"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tie.2021.3062273","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2021.3062273","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58031724","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","issn_l":"0278-0046","issn":["0278-0046","1557-9948"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100443155","display_name":"Yuxiang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0597-0594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuxiang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011614904","display_name":"Rui Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6217-0345"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6217-0345","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001804648","display_name":"Dongdong Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3790-0200"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongdong Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3790-0200","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046182664","display_name":"Yigeng Huangfu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0961-1214"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yigeng Huangfu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100620773","display_name":"Weiguo Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1209-8573"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiguo Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1209-8573","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100443155"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.1623,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":108,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97871435,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"2","first_page":"1537","last_page":"1547"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.6348696947097778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-vehicle","display_name":"Electric vehicle","score":0.6009281873703003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-management","display_name":"Energy management","score":0.5571237206459045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5381340384483337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.5350118279457092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dual","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","score":0.48220503330230713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-management-system","display_name":"Energy management system","score":0.4302740693092346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.39830291271209717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.37170594930648804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.32626181840896606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.24341809749603271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.08280539512634277}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.6348696947097778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.6009281873703003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7817414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779504","display_name":"Energy management","level":3,"score":0.5571237206459045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5381340384483337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.5350118279457092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780980858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110022","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","level":2,"score":0.48220503330230713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781260460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6139999","display_name":"Energy management system","level":4,"score":0.4302740693092346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.39830291271209717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.37170594930648804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.32626181840896606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.24341809749603271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.08280539512634277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tie.2021.3062273","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2021.3062273","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58031724","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","issn_l":"0278-0046","issn":["0278-0046","1557-9948"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1903408425","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52007155","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1502057264","https://openalex.org/W2044979206","https://openalex.org/W2052807364","https://openalex.org/W2062445356","https://openalex.org/W2073962729","https://openalex.org/W2074795759","https://openalex.org/W2119215405","https://openalex.org/W2310937270","https://openalex.org/W2399469249","https://openalex.org/W2401288131","https://openalex.org/W2490854169","https://openalex.org/W2510750359","https://openalex.org/W2536725230","https://openalex.org/W2562465851","https://openalex.org/W2730891456","https://openalex.org/W2746060815","https://openalex.org/W2763530187","https://openalex.org/W2765498735","https://openalex.org/W2766979576","https://openalex.org/W2769605893","https://openalex.org/W2783748695","https://openalex.org/W2785483064","https://openalex.org/W2789533028","https://openalex.org/W2790612088","https://openalex.org/W2791290017","https://openalex.org/W2809822040","https://openalex.org/W2889203536","https://openalex.org/W2920406591","https://openalex.org/W2943328238","https://openalex.org/W2944790496","https://openalex.org/W2944823506","https://openalex.org/W2965761667","https://openalex.org/W2971566011","https://openalex.org/W2984448865","https://openalex.org/W3096507812"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2749199243","https://openalex.org/W2333017163","https://openalex.org/W2133545517","https://openalex.org/W2352231626","https://openalex.org/W2964681094","https://openalex.org/W2782741053","https://openalex.org/W3207683219","https://openalex.org/W2577786578","https://openalex.org/W2606841152","https://openalex.org/W2095135978"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"reasonably":[1],"designed":[2],"energy":[3,24,86],"management":[4],"strategy":[5,81],"(EMS)":[6],"can":[7,82,92,142,154,167],"guarantee":[8],"the":[9,23,39,47,60,63,79,85,89,95,98,109,112,130,139,144,156,172,178],"safe":[10],"and":[11,66,91,153,175],"stable":[12],"operation":[13],"of":[14,27,88,97,111,150,177],"fuel":[15,99],"cell":[16,100],"hybrid":[17,125],"electric":[18,126],"vehicle":[19,127],"(FCHEV).":[20],"To":[21,106],"optimize":[22,155],"conversion":[25],"efficiency":[26,34,87,161],"FCHEV,":[28],"this":[29],"research":[30],"proposes":[31],"a":[32,51,123],"three-level":[33],"optimized":[35],"EMS":[36,65,141],"based":[37,121],"on":[38,46,122],"dual":[40],"reward":[41],"functions":[42],"Q-learning":[43],"algorithm.":[44],"Focused":[45],"system":[48,157,160],"overall":[49,159],"efficiency,":[50],"hardware-in-the-loop":[52],"experimental":[53],"platform":[54],"was":[55],"built":[56],"first":[57],"to":[58,162,169,171],"compare":[59],"effectiveness":[61,110],"between":[62],"proposed":[64,80,113,140,165],"other":[67,76],"existed":[68],"methods.":[69],"The":[70,132,164],"results":[71,136],"shown":[72],"that":[73,138],"compared":[74],"with":[75],"state-of-art":[77],"methods,":[78],"effectively":[83],"improve":[84],"system,":[90],"slow":[93],"down":[94],"aging":[96],"by":[101],"reducing":[102],"its":[103],"operating":[104],"stress.":[105],"further":[107],"verify":[108],"strategy,":[114],"varying":[115],"driving":[116],"loads":[117],"profile":[118],"were":[119],"tested":[120],"1.2-kW":[124],"developed":[128],"in":[129],"laboratory.":[131],"FCHEV":[133],"real-time":[134],"experiment":[135],"indicated":[137],"achieve":[143],"average":[145,158],"load":[146],"power":[147],"matching":[148],"error":[149],"0.19":[151],"W":[152],"52%.":[163],"method":[166],"help":[168],"contribute":[170],"massive":[173],"commercialization":[174],"implementation":[176],"FCHEV.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
