{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3045226731","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2020.3009565","title":"Experimental Investigation of Contact Welding Characteristics of Electromechanical Relays","display_name":"Experimental Investigation of Contact Welding Characteristics of Electromechanical Relays","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3045226731","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2020.3009565","mag":"3045226731"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tie.2020.3009565","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2020.3009565","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58031724","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","issn_l":"0278-0046","issn":["0278-0046","1557-9948"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030075975","display_name":"Xu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5926-3735"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5926-3735","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041377396","display_name":"Wanbin Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8319-1740"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wanbin Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8319-1740","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100645207","display_name":"Shujuan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8495-3703"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shujuan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2695,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76385779,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"68","issue":"9","first_page":"8531","last_page":"8539"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12371","display_name":"Electrical Contact Performance and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12371","display_name":"Electrical Contact Performance and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12252","display_name":"Mechanical stress and fatigue analysis","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12077","display_name":"Vacuum and Plasma Arcs","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/welding","display_name":"Welding","score":0.8769168853759766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-contacts","display_name":"Electrical contacts","score":0.6986523866653442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cold-welding","display_name":"Cold welding","score":0.5649427175521851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/substructure","display_name":"Substructure","score":0.5384097099304199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.4575580358505249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.45009124279022217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.4419286549091339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contact-resistance","display_name":"Contact resistance","score":0.4403989911079407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridge","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","score":0.4390893578529358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-resistance-welding","display_name":"Electric resistance welding","score":0.4268219769001007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.3334311246871948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arc-welding","display_name":"Arc welding","score":0.3094164729118347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3061657249927521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.2311723828315735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.17389622330665588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.16033458709716797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gas-metal-arc-welding","display_name":"Gas metal arc welding","score":0.13501876592636108}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19474535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131172","display_name":"Welding","level":2,"score":0.8769168853759766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132235601","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q394001","display_name":"Electrical contacts","level":2,"score":0.6986523866653442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55022723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120293","display_name":"Cold welding","level":5,"score":0.5649427175521851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99679407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56761637","display_name":"Substructure","level":2,"score":0.5384097099304199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4575580358505249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.45009124279022217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.4419286549091339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123671423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332329","display_name":"Contact resistance","level":3,"score":0.4403989911079407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.4390893578529358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44273521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q968702","display_name":"Electric resistance welding","level":3,"score":0.4268219769001007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.3334311246871948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20480867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422937","display_name":"Arc welding","level":3,"score":0.3094164729118347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3061657249927521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2311723828315735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.17389622330665588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.16033458709716797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50916996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1765723","display_name":"Gas metal arc welding","level":4,"score":0.13501876592636108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tie.2020.3009565","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2020.3009565","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58031724","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","issn_l":"0278-0046","issn":["0278-0046","1557-9948"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.6299999952316284}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5414660647","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51777039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1488425106","https://openalex.org/W1512932400","https://openalex.org/W1554620652","https://openalex.org/W1560072368","https://openalex.org/W1781809241","https://openalex.org/W2018026815","https://openalex.org/W2045527421","https://openalex.org/W2093114016","https://openalex.org/W2155681944","https://openalex.org/W2165796207","https://openalex.org/W2199152430","https://openalex.org/W2271589916","https://openalex.org/W2475313634","https://openalex.org/W2514829141","https://openalex.org/W2548578955","https://openalex.org/W2802525021","https://openalex.org/W2805286018","https://openalex.org/W2889444234","https://openalex.org/W2912437663","https://openalex.org/W2912952396","https://openalex.org/W2966099398","https://openalex.org/W2973055032","https://openalex.org/W6629243319","https://openalex.org/W6694151285"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2041759291","https://openalex.org/W2098002914","https://openalex.org/W2533086543","https://openalex.org/W2772065593","https://openalex.org/W2735298218","https://openalex.org/W4200261033","https://openalex.org/W4301184902","https://openalex.org/W2994951653","https://openalex.org/W3035413292","https://openalex.org/W4353073795"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Contact":[0],"dynamic":[1,65,69],"welding":[2,15,87,100,150],"failure":[3],"problems":[4],"seriously":[5],"limit":[6],"the":[7,14,56,83,107,132,140,148,153],"electrical":[8,72,110],"lifetime":[9],"of":[10,36,58,74,86,93,142],"electromechanical":[11],"relay.":[12],"However,":[13],"behavior":[16],"occurred":[17],"in":[18,41,99,109,139,152],"contact":[19,64,75,116],"making":[20,59,76],"and":[21,24,46,60,71,77,82,96,124,145,147],"breaking":[22,61,78],"process":[23],"relevant":[25],"influencing":[26],"factors":[27],"are":[28,38,80,89,102],"still":[29],"unknown.":[30],"In":[31],"this":[32],"article,":[33],"a":[34,136],"series":[35],"experiments":[37],"carried":[39],"out":[40],"make":[42,47],"only,":[43,45],"break":[44,49,121],"&":[48],"(M&B)":[50],"operation":[51,155],"modes":[52],"individually":[53],"to":[54],"differentiate":[55],"effects":[57],"processes":[62,79],"on":[63],"welding.":[66],"The":[67,91],"typical":[68],"force":[70,88,101],"waveforms":[73],"obtained":[81],"statistical":[84],"results":[85],"presented.":[90],"roles":[92],"bounce":[94,114,133],"arc":[95,122,134],"molten":[97,118],"bridge":[98,119],"interpreted":[103],"explicitly":[104],"by":[105],"using":[106],"variations":[108],"parameters":[111],"such":[112],"as":[113],"energy,":[115,120,123],"resistance,":[117],"surface":[125],"substructure":[126],"morphologies.":[127],"It":[128],"is":[129],"determined":[130],"that":[131],"plays":[135],"crucial":[137],"role":[138],"formation":[141],"weld":[143],"nugget":[144],"strength,":[146],"strongest":[149],"occurs":[151],"M&B":[154],"mode.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-04T08:18:43.703281","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
