{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3015586568","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2020.2984997","title":"Two-Dimensional Mapping of Interface Thermal Resistance by Transient Thermal Measurement","display_name":"Two-Dimensional Mapping of Interface Thermal Resistance by Transient Thermal Measurement","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-04-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3015586568","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2020.2984997","mag":"3015586568"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tie.2020.2984997","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2020.2984997","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58031724","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","issn_l":"0278-0046","issn":["0278-0046","1557-9948"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081510599","display_name":"Shan Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5243-448X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shan Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA","Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Power Electronics Systems, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5243-448X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Power Electronics Systems, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029796490","display_name":"Khai D. T. Ngo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0326-3055"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khai D. T. Ngo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA","Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Center for Power Electronics Systems, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0326-3055","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Center for Power Electronics Systems, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100601910","display_name":"Guo\u2010Quan Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3079-8589"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guo-Quan Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA","Center for Power Electronics Systems, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3079-8589","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Power Electronics Systems, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081510599"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9771,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71724616,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"68","issue":"5","first_page":"4448","last_page":"4456"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11277","display_name":"Thermal properties of materials","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11277","display_name":"Thermal properties of materials","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10998","display_name":"Heat Transfer and Optimization","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10361","display_name":"Silicon Carbide Semiconductor Technologies","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-resistance","display_name":"Thermal resistance","score":0.8042691946029663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.7567931413650513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/junction-temperature","display_name":"Junction temperature","score":0.7140451669692993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-grease","display_name":"Thermal grease","score":0.665951132774353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transient","display_name":"Transient (computer programming)","score":0.6553325653076172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insulated-gate-bipolar-transistor","display_name":"Insulated-gate bipolar transistor","score":0.6339497566223145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal","display_name":"Thermal","score":0.5019605159759521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-semiconductor-device","display_name":"Power semiconductor device","score":0.4917333424091339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.4781654477119446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spreading-resistance-profiling","display_name":"Spreading resistance profiling","score":0.467195987701416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/substrate","display_name":"Substrate (aquarium)","score":0.4645611345767975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temperature-measurement","display_name":"Temperature measurement","score":0.45201927423477173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-conductivity","display_name":"Thermal conductivity","score":0.4192931056022644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.41103607416152954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.3999670445919037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.36675649881362915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.27621403336524963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.2510486841201782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.14418858289718628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13705477118492126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.11999887228012085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silicon","display_name":"Silicon","score":0.09685453772544861}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137693562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899628","display_name":"Thermal resistance","level":3,"score":0.8042691946029663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.7567931413650513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167781694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6311800","display_name":"Junction temperature","level":3,"score":0.7140451669692993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200657195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868947","display_name":"Thermal grease","level":3,"score":0.665951132774353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780799671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17087362","display_name":"Transient (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.6553325653076172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28285623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176110","display_name":"Insulated-gate bipolar transistor","level":3,"score":0.6339497566223145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.5019605159759521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129014197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q906544","display_name":"Power semiconductor device","level":3,"score":0.4917333424091339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4781654477119446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207521374","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7580282","display_name":"Spreading resistance profiling","level":3,"score":0.467195987701416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777289219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7632154","display_name":"Substrate (aquarium)","level":2,"score":0.4645611345767975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72293138","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909741","display_name":"Temperature measurement","level":2,"score":0.45201927423477173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97346530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q487005","display_name":"Thermal conductivity","level":2,"score":0.4192931056022644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.41103607416152954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.3999670445919037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.36675649881362915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.27621403336524963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2510486841201782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.14418858289718628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13705477118492126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.11999887228012085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544956773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q670","display_name":"Silicon","level":2,"score":0.09685453772544861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tie.2020.2984997","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2020.2984997","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58031724","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","issn_l":"0278-0046","issn":["0278-0046","1557-9948"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.7799999713897705}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309646","display_name":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W171219099","https://openalex.org/W653791981","https://openalex.org/W858951641","https://openalex.org/W1827133067","https://openalex.org/W1905654049","https://openalex.org/W1965213898","https://openalex.org/W1965880645","https://openalex.org/W1967936729","https://openalex.org/W1982428140","https://openalex.org/W1983041730","https://openalex.org/W1983607373","https://openalex.org/W1987278992","https://openalex.org/W1997653974","https://openalex.org/W1998608423","https://openalex.org/W2000080887","https://openalex.org/W2000757613","https://openalex.org/W2008922998","https://openalex.org/W2018189177","https://openalex.org/W2026012753","https://openalex.org/W2029251420","https://openalex.org/W2033605039","https://openalex.org/W2036784309","https://openalex.org/W2038029520","https://openalex.org/W2039914397","https://openalex.org/W2046215091","https://openalex.org/W2054996043","https://openalex.org/W2058049887","https://openalex.org/W2059231977","https://openalex.org/W2061831555","https://openalex.org/W2078954118","https://openalex.org/W2079521368","https://openalex.org/W2080004987","https://openalex.org/W2083779948","https://openalex.org/W2086977401","https://openalex.org/W2095317937","https://openalex.org/W2097414581","https://openalex.org/W2099648605","https://openalex.org/W2100535496","https://openalex.org/W2102914914","https://openalex.org/W2103194180","https://openalex.org/W2118672835","https://openalex.org/W2120697755","https://openalex.org/W2133314170","https://openalex.org/W2134357750","https://openalex.org/W2139679256","https://openalex.org/W2142663413","https://openalex.org/W2144562200","https://openalex.org/W2146149172","https://openalex.org/W2146415448","https://openalex.org/W2150696416","https://openalex.org/W2152542313","https://openalex.org/W2158000528","https://openalex.org/W2158114484","https://openalex.org/W2164449122","https://openalex.org/W2171010826","https://openalex.org/W2179568117","https://openalex.org/W2241153151","https://openalex.org/W2264307819","https://openalex.org/W2287880634","https://openalex.org/W2336813755","https://openalex.org/W2496169847","https://openalex.org/W2543431410","https://openalex.org/W2563433694","https://openalex.org/W2565791517","https://openalex.org/W2899585350","https://openalex.org/W3147555153","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6677633027"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2941586664","https://openalex.org/W2026438159","https://openalex.org/W2952153532","https://openalex.org/W2894661039","https://openalex.org/W2973352049","https://openalex.org/W4285161724","https://openalex.org/W2995312372","https://openalex.org/W2762233094","https://openalex.org/W2587344013","https://openalex.org/W1524401369"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bonded":[0],"interfaces":[1,19,29],"in":[2,107],"power":[3,150,216],"converters":[4],"add":[5],"thermal":[6,23,28,90,101,119,130,154,181,201,237,259,278],"resistances":[7],"to":[8,49,73,82,158,193,210,234],"heat":[9],"dissipation.":[10],"Under":[11],"cyclic":[12],"power,":[13],"temperature,":[14],"or":[15,203,280],"chemical":[16],"loading,":[17],"these":[18],"degrade,":[20],"raising":[21],"the":[22,27,34,40,42,44,58,66,88,99,129,134,162,171,174,188,194,205,215,221,241,257,262,286,300],"resistances.":[24],"Reliability":[25],"of":[26,60,87,103,164,173,184,240,256,285],"is":[30,37,48,141,156,190,207,217,226,247,265,269,290],"especially":[31],"problematic":[32],"when":[33],"bonded":[35,95,125,186,273],"area":[36,43],"large":[38,94],"because":[39],"larger":[41],"more":[45],"likely":[46],"it":[47,69],"have":[50,74],"preexisting":[51],"defects":[52,297],"from":[53],"processing.":[54],"To":[55,177],"help":[56],"qualifying":[57],"development":[59],"a":[61,75,84,93,112,118,123,179,185,200,211,236,253,277,293],"bonding":[62],"process":[63,246],"and":[64,78,127,167,219],"quantifying":[65],"interface":[67,89,131,258],"reliability,":[68],"would":[70],"be":[71],"desirable":[72],"simple,":[76],"reliable,":[77],"nondestructive":[79],"measurement":[80,113,175],"technique":[81,114,268,289],"obtain":[83,178],"2-D":[85,180,254,287],"map":[86,183,255],"resistance":[91,132,182,260],"across":[92,122,261],"area.":[96],"Based":[97],"on":[98,170,271],"transient":[100],"method":[102],"JEDEC":[104],"standard":[105],"51-14,":[106],"this":[108],"article,":[109],"we":[110],"develop":[111],"that":[115],"involves":[116],"moving":[117],"probe":[120,135,140,165,189],"discretely":[121],"large-area":[124],"substrate":[126,195,264],"acquiring":[128],"under":[133],"at":[136,196,249,299],"each":[137],"location.":[138],"The":[139,228,245,283],"made":[142],"by":[143,292],"custom-packaging":[144],"an":[145],"insulated-gate":[146],"bipolar":[147],"transistor":[148],"(IGBT)":[149],"device.":[151],"An":[152],"analytical":[153],"model":[155],"developed":[157],"gain":[159],"insights":[160],"into":[161],"effects":[163],"materials":[166],"structural":[168],"parameters":[169],"sensitivity":[172],"technique.":[176],"substrate,":[187],"thermally":[191],"coupled":[192],"one":[197],"location":[198],"through":[199],"pad":[202],"grease;":[204],"device":[206],"powered":[208],"up":[209],"steady-state":[212],"junction":[213,222],"temperature;":[214],"cutoff;":[218],"then":[220],"temperature":[223,230],"during":[224],"cool-down":[225],"recorded.":[227],"recorded":[229],"data":[231],"are":[232],"analyzed":[233],"derive":[235],"structure":[238],"function":[239],"multilayer":[242],"material":[243],"stack.":[244],"repeated":[248],"other":[250],"locations":[251],"until":[252],"entire":[263],"completed.":[266],"This":[267],"demonstrated":[270],"copper-copper":[272],"samples":[274],"using":[275],"either":[276],"grease":[279],"sintered":[281],"silver.":[282],"resolution":[284],"mapping":[288],"evaluated":[291],"copper-grease-copper":[294],"stack":[295],"with":[296],"implanted":[298],"bond":[301],"line.":[302]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
