{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1646262971","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2015.2436354","title":"Modeling, Control Design, and Analysis of a Startup Scheme for Modular Multilevel Converters","display_name":"Modeling, Control Design, and Analysis of a Startup Scheme for Modular Multilevel Converters","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-05-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1646262971","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2015.2436354","mag":"1646262971"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tie.2015.2436354","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2015.2436354","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58031724","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","issn_l":"0278-0046","issn":["0278-0046","1557-9948"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115410065","display_name":"Xiaojie Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2418-9998"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojie Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Ultra-Wide-Area Resilient Electric Energy Transmission Networks (CURENT), The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA","Dept. of Electr. Eng. & Comput. Sci., Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Ultra-Wide-Area Resilient Electric Energy Transmission Networks (CURENT), The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. Eng. & Comput. Sci., Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100760302","display_name":"Bo Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5110-4887"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Ultra-Wide-Area Resilient Electric Energy Transmission Networks (CURENT), The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA","Dept. of Electr. Eng. & Comput. Sci., Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Ultra-Wide-Area Resilient Electric Energy Transmission Networks (CURENT), The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. Eng. & Comput. Sci., Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039618601","display_name":"Zhiqiang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5946-8407"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiqiang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, College of Engineering, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA","Dept. of Electr. Eng. & Comput. Sci., Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, College of Engineering, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. Eng. & Comput. Sci., Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101557180","display_name":"Yalong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6249-0939"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yalong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Ultra-Wide-Area Resilient Electric Energy Transmission Networks (CURENT), The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA","Dept. of Electr. Eng. & Comput. Sci., Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Ultra-Wide-Area Resilient Electric Energy Transmission Networks (CURENT), The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. Eng. & Comput. Sci., Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014930285","display_name":"Leon M. Tolbert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7285-609X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leon M. Tolbert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, College of Engineering, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA","Dept. of Electr. Eng. & Comput. Sci., Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, College of Engineering, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. Eng. & Comput. Sci., Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100455868","display_name":"Fei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7332-9726"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, College of Engineering, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA","Dept. of Electr. Eng. & Comput. Sci., Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, College of Engineering, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. Eng. & Comput. Sci., Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.4703,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":75,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94814138,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":"11","first_page":"7009","last_page":"7024"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11102","display_name":"HVDC Systems and Fault Protection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11102","display_name":"HVDC Systems and Fault Protection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14502","display_name":"High-Voltage Power Transmission Systems","score":0.9456999897956848,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12491","display_name":"Superconductivity in MgB2 and Alloys","score":0.9236000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3104","display_name":"Condensed Matter Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.7302588820457458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/converters","display_name":"Converters","score":0.6787092685699463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitor","display_name":"Capacitor","score":0.6702869534492493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rectifier","display_name":"Rectifier (neural networks)","score":0.5478239059448242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.5149046182632446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modularity","display_name":"Modularity (biology)","score":0.48888319730758667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.47380203008651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverter","display_name":"Inverter","score":0.4737589955329895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4711790382862091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feed-forward","display_name":"Feed forward","score":0.45570218563079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.43365609645843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.4217183291912079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-signal-model","display_name":"Small-signal model","score":0.41163694858551025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.3807382881641388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.2496246099472046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.22102656960487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.17040684819221497}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.7302588820457458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778422915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10302051","display_name":"Converters","level":3,"score":0.6787092685699463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52192207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5322","display_name":"Capacitor","level":3,"score":0.6702869534492493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50100734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7303176","display_name":"Rectifier (neural networks)","level":5,"score":0.5478239059448242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5149046182632446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779478453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6889748","display_name":"Modularity (biology)","level":2,"score":0.48888319730758667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.47380203008651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11190779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q664575","display_name":"Inverter","level":3,"score":0.4737589955329895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4711790382862091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38858127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5441228","display_name":"Feed forward","level":2,"score":0.45570218563079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.43365609645843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.4217183291912079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781038218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1773875","display_name":"Small-signal model","level":3,"score":0.41163694858551025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.3807382881641388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.2496246099472046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.22102656960487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.17040684819221497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86582703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7617824","display_name":"Stochastic neural network","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tie.2015.2436354","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2015.2436354","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58031724","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","issn_l":"0278-0046","issn":["0278-0046","1557-9948"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5899999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1550029902","https://openalex.org/W1553773743","https://openalex.org/W1915388693","https://openalex.org/W1983785746","https://openalex.org/W1993830253","https://openalex.org/W2004165606","https://openalex.org/W2011975264","https://openalex.org/W2016492414","https://openalex.org/W2021871997","https://openalex.org/W2022242467","https://openalex.org/W2027884324","https://openalex.org/W2034424311","https://openalex.org/W2042799330","https://openalex.org/W2042876774","https://openalex.org/W2050592573","https://openalex.org/W2056370486","https://openalex.org/W2057957478","https://openalex.org/W2068481191","https://openalex.org/W2070776500","https://openalex.org/W2087700250","https://openalex.org/W2097777919","https://openalex.org/W2105753859","https://openalex.org/W2136509165","https://openalex.org/W2139885352","https://openalex.org/W2145139832","https://openalex.org/W2160457659","https://openalex.org/W2165542296","https://openalex.org/W2322166791","https://openalex.org/W2330274414","https://openalex.org/W2880653621","https://openalex.org/W6632817641","https://openalex.org/W6633255273"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2286391053","https://openalex.org/W2982600058","https://openalex.org/W2575700697","https://openalex.org/W2351414317","https://openalex.org/W2152795835","https://openalex.org/W2994692985","https://openalex.org/W2148071297","https://openalex.org/W2117732776","https://openalex.org/W2120641729","https://openalex.org/W2130126550"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Featuring":[0],"modularity":[1],"and":[2,49,109,123,153,168],"high":[3],"efficiency,":[4],"a":[5,12,26,34,75,79,99,110,146,157],"modular":[6],"multilevel":[7],"converter":[8],"(MMC)":[9],"has":[10],"become":[11],"promising":[13],"topology":[14],"in":[15,60,141],"high-voltage":[16],"direct-current":[17],"transmission":[18],"systems.":[19],"However,":[20],"its":[21],"distributed":[22],"capacitors":[23],"lead":[24],"to":[25,87,163],"more":[27],"complicated":[28],"startup":[29,101],"process":[30],"than":[31],"that":[32],"of":[33,45,69,78,91,118,134],"two-level":[35],"converter.":[36],"To":[37],"fully":[38],"understand":[39],"this":[40,61,97],"issue,":[41],"the":[42,67,88,92,135,165,169],"charging":[43,72,81],"loops":[44],"an":[46,50,54,104,119],"MMC":[47,51,93,148,159],"rectifier":[48],"inverter":[52],"during":[53],"uncontrolled":[55],"precharge":[56],"period":[57],"are":[58,138,161],"analyzed":[59],"paper,":[62],"with":[63],"special":[64],"focus":[65],"on":[66,96],"necessity":[68],"additional":[70],"capacitor":[71,80,106],"schemes.":[73],"Moreover,":[74],"small-signal":[76],"model":[77],"loop":[82,108],"is":[83,113,116],"first":[84],"derived":[85],"according":[86],"internal":[89],"dynamics":[90],"inverter.":[94],"Based":[95],"model,":[98],"novel":[100],"strategy":[102,137],"incorporating":[103],"averaging":[105],"voltage":[107,128],"feedforward":[111],"control":[112,129,136,171],"proposed,":[114],"which":[115],"capable":[117],"enhanced":[120],"dynamic":[121],"response":[122],"system":[124,149],"stability":[125],"without":[126],"sacrificing":[127],"precision.":[130],"The":[131],"design":[132],"considerations":[133],"also":[139],"given":[140],"detail.":[142],"Simulation":[143],"results":[144,155],"from":[145,156],"back-to-back":[147],"supplying":[150],"passive":[151],"loads":[152],"experimental":[154],"scaled-down":[158],"prototype":[160],"provided":[162],"support":[164],"theoretical":[166],"analysis":[167],"proposed":[170],"scheme.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}