{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1504052325","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2010.2066534","title":"Hierarchical Control of Droop-Controlled AC and DC Microgrids\u2014A General Approach Toward Standardization","display_name":"Hierarchical Control of Droop-Controlled AC and DC Microgrids\u2014A General Approach Toward Standardization","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-08-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1504052325","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2010.2066534","mag":"1504052325"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tie.2010.2066534","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2010.2066534","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58031724","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","issn_l":"0278-0046","issn":["0278-0046","1557-9948"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072189850","display_name":"Josep M. Guerrero","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/03mb6wj31","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Josep M. Guerrero","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automatic Control Systems and Computer Engineering, Universitat Polilt\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain","Dept. of Autom. Control Syst. & Comput. Eng., Univ. Politec. de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automatic Control Systems and Computer Engineering, Universitat Polilt\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Autom. Control Syst. & Comput. Eng., Univ. Politec. de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044175190","display_name":"Juan C. V\u00e1squez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6332-385X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/03mb6wj31","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juan C. Vasquez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automatic Control Systems and Computer Engineering, Universitat Polilt\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain","Dept. of Autom. Control Syst. & Comput. Eng., Univ. Politec. de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automatic Control Systems and Computer Engineering, Universitat Polilt\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Autom. Control Syst. & Comput. Eng., Univ. Politec. de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069111907","display_name":"J. Matas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3854-1526"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133992","display_name":"Cidete (Spain)","ror":"https://ror.org/03v79p997","country_code":"ES","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133992"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 Matas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Polilt\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Vilanova i la GeltrU, Spain","Dept. of Electron. Eng., Univ. Politec. de Catalunya, Vilanova i la Geltru, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Polilt\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Vilanova i la GeltrU, Spain","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electron. Eng., Univ. Politec. de Catalunya, Vilanova i la Geltru, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063624342","display_name":"Luis Garc\u00eda de Vicu\u00f1a","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2947-849X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133992","display_name":"Cidete (Spain)","ror":"https://ror.org/03v79p997","country_code":"ES","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133992"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luis Garc\u00eda de Vicuna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Polilt\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Vilanova i la GeltrU, Spain","Dept. of Electron. Eng., Univ. Politec. de Catalunya, Vilanova i la Geltru, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Polilt\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Vilanova i la GeltrU, Spain","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electron. Eng., Univ. Politec. de Catalunya, Vilanova i la Geltru, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133992"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051254575","display_name":"Miguel Castilla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3284-860X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133992","display_name":"Cidete (Spain)","ror":"https://ror.org/03v79p997","country_code":"ES","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133992"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miguel Castilla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Polilt\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Vilanova i la GeltrU, Spain","Dept. of Electron. Eng., Univ. Politec. de Catalunya, Vilanova i la Geltru, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Polilt\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Vilanova i la GeltrU, Spain","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electron. Eng., Univ. Politec. de Catalunya, Vilanova i la Geltru, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133992"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072189850"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":231.0662,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4854,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":1.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"58","issue":"1","first_page":"158","last_page":"172"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9884999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13183","display_name":"Islanding Detection in Power Systems","score":0.9815999865531921,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage-droop","display_name":"Voltage droop","score":0.9254478216171265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standardization","display_name":"Standardization","score":0.7020121812820435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.6739649772644043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-generation","display_name":"Distributed generation","score":0.5763915777206421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.5378206968307495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-storage","display_name":"Energy storage","score":0.5226395130157471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchical-control-system","display_name":"Hierarchical control system","score":0.4999558925628662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.49887704849243164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4792618751525879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.45196256041526794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.42676621675491333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ac-power","display_name":"AC power","score":0.42470160126686096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.4051278531551361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.37396514415740967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-system","display_name":"Control system","score":0.363712877035141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.27543699741363525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.2024174928665161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage-regulator","display_name":"Voltage regulator","score":0.10604742169380188}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40760162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10920295","display_name":"Voltage droop","level":4,"score":0.9254478216171265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188087704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369577","display_name":"Standardization","level":2,"score":0.7020121812820435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6739649772644043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544738498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861135","display_name":"Distributed generation","level":3,"score":0.5763915777206421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.5378206968307495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73916439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837718","display_name":"Energy storage","level":3,"score":0.5226395130157471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124527596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17029359","display_name":"Hierarchical control system","level":3,"score":0.4999558925628662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.49887704849243164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4792618751525879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.45196256041526794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.42676621675491333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108755667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1930258","display_name":"AC power","level":3,"score":0.42470160126686096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4051278531551361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.37396514415740967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.363712877035141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.27543699741363525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2024174928665161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110706871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q851210","display_name":"Voltage regulator","level":3,"score":0.10604742169380188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tie.2010.2066534","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2010.2066534","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58031724","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","issn_l":"0278-0046","issn":["0278-0046","1557-9948"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8700000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1505289910","https://openalex.org/W1537034636","https://openalex.org/W1594676085","https://openalex.org/W1710629820","https://openalex.org/W1763243278","https://openalex.org/W1785113717","https://openalex.org/W1813409666","https://openalex.org/W1928173439","https://openalex.org/W1964800039","https://openalex.org/W1966322913","https://openalex.org/W1983902261","https://openalex.org/W1997031540","https://openalex.org/W2009636257","https://openalex.org/W2021226166","https://openalex.org/W2029209086","https://openalex.org/W2058819202","https://openalex.org/W2079746763","https://openalex.org/W2083807722","https://openalex.org/W2089758604","https://openalex.org/W2098484968","https://openalex.org/W2104834052","https://openalex.org/W2105303942","https://openalex.org/W2105806216","https://openalex.org/W2107825448","https://openalex.org/W2118910576","https://openalex.org/W2120107535","https://openalex.org/W2122336876","https://openalex.org/W2124708943","https://openalex.org/W2130055347","https://openalex.org/W2133518073","https://openalex.org/W2139815876","https://openalex.org/W2149654885","https://openalex.org/W2149800994","https://openalex.org/W2158711817","https://openalex.org/W2162156389","https://openalex.org/W2162535598","https://openalex.org/W2167836251","https://openalex.org/W2171958955","https://openalex.org/W2244358799","https://openalex.org/W2522910703","https://openalex.org/W2541315597","https://openalex.org/W2735220533","https://openalex.org/W2738165856","https://openalex.org/W2740637254","https://openalex.org/W2761609817","https://openalex.org/W4254484748","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6630305796","https://openalex.org/W6637725507","https://openalex.org/W6675990236","https://openalex.org/W6677723115","https://openalex.org/W6679971102","https://openalex.org/W6683146718","https://openalex.org/W6684970034","https://openalex.org/W6714395616","https://openalex.org/W6727284914","https://openalex.org/W6740795338","https://openalex.org/W6741916252","https://openalex.org/W6742220830"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2523432015","https://openalex.org/W2153130273","https://openalex.org/W2765340260","https://openalex.org/W2143080380","https://openalex.org/W3134658563","https://openalex.org/W2791627035","https://openalex.org/W2547687650","https://openalex.org/W2370845492","https://openalex.org/W3095853931","https://openalex.org/W2893865120"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"AC":[0],"and":[1,11,48,55,97,109],"dc":[2],"microgrids":[3],"(MGs)":[4],"are":[5,120],"key":[6],"elements":[7],"for":[8],"integrating":[9],"renewable":[10],"distributed":[12,18],"energy":[13],"resources":[14],"as":[15,17],"well":[16],"energy-storage":[19],"systems.":[20],"In":[21,36],"the":[22,28,42,74,83,87,90,94,99,103,107,110,124,127],"last":[23],"several":[24],"years,":[25],"efforts":[26],"toward":[27],"standardization":[29],"of":[30,64,89,126],"these":[31],"MGs":[32],"have":[33],"been":[34],"made.":[35],"this":[37,39],"sense,":[38],"paper":[40],"presents":[41],"hierarchical":[43,60],"control":[44,61,70,85,101],"derived":[45],"from":[46,116],"ISA-95":[47],"electrical":[49,112],"dispatching":[50],"standards":[51],"to":[52,57,122],"endow":[53],"smartness":[54],"flexibility":[56],"MGs.":[58],"The":[59,68],"proposed":[62,128],"consists":[63],"three":[65],"levels:":[66],"1)":[67],"primary":[69,95],"is":[71],"based":[72],"on":[73],"droop":[75],"method,":[76],"including":[77],"an":[78],"output-impedance":[79],"virtual":[80],"loop;":[81],"2)":[82],"secondary":[84],"allows":[86],"restoration":[88],"deviations":[91],"produced":[92],"by":[93],"control;":[96],"3)":[98],"tertiary":[100],"manages":[102],"power":[104],"flow":[105],"between":[106],"MG":[108,119],"external":[111],"distribution":[113],"system.":[114],"Results":[115],"a":[117],"hierarchical-controlled":[118],"provided":[121],"show":[123],"feasibility":[125],"approach.":[129]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":63},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":287},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":306},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":360},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":376},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":406},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":450},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":468},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":442},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":430},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":376},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":314},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":258},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":140},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":115}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
