{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133532270","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/thms.2026.3663983","title":"Three-Level Pressure-Based Authentication on Touch Screens","display_name":"Three-Level Pressure-Based Authentication on Touch Screens","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133532270","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/thms.2026.3663983"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/thms.2026.3663983","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/thms.2026.3663983","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2476799526","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems","issn_l":"2168-2291","issn":["2168-2291","2168-2305"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100647434","display_name":"Zhenhua Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7086-0300"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenhua Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Graphic Design, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7086-0300","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Graphic Design, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026813428","display_name":"Tianyi Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4296-2185"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57328836","display_name":"North Dakota State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05h1bnb22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianyi Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128048363","display_name":"Jun Kong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57328836","display_name":"North Dakota State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05h1bnb22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Kong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4916-8499","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Juan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7668-5996"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57328836","display_name":"North Dakota State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05h1bnb22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7668-5996","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042154109","display_name":"Tongxin Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0503-2207"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57328836","display_name":"North Dakota State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05h1bnb22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tongxin Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.17837391,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"3","first_page":"458","last_page":"468"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.829200029373169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.829200029373169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.03629999980330467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.02160000056028366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.4700999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.3305000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.3122999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.28859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.27959999442100525}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6126000285148621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.4700999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.39739999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.3305000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3122999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.28859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.26330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.2524000108242035}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/thms.2026.3663983","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/thms.2026.3663983","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2476799526","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems","issn_l":"2168-2291","issn":["2168-2291","2168-2305"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8732376063","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"OIA-2119691","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Since":[0],"pressure":[1,22,34],"is":[2,204],"invisible":[3],"in":[4,41,73,77,165,201],"nature,":[5],"it":[6,26,101],"has":[7],"been":[8],"applied":[9],"to":[10,31,59,105,212],"enhance":[11],"the":[12,42,48,96,106,148,153,185,197,208],"authentication":[13,55],"security.":[14],"However,":[15,126],"previous":[16],"work":[17],"focused":[18],"on":[19,147],"only":[20],"two-level":[21,112,136],"detection,":[23],"which":[24,138,182],"makes":[25],"feasible":[27],"for":[28],"an":[29,158,175],"attacker":[30],"guess":[32],"a":[33,37,74,89,111,130,143,167,216],"level":[35],"from":[36,56,210],"user's":[38],"pressing":[39,145,169,180],"behavior":[40],"shoulder":[43,107],"surfing":[44,108],"attack.":[45],"To":[46,151],"mitigate":[47],"above":[49,154],"risk,":[50],"this":[51],"article":[52],"extends":[53],"pressure-based":[54,91,113],"two":[57,78],"levels":[58],"three":[60],"levels.":[61],"It":[62],"systematically":[63],"evaluates":[64],"its":[65],"usability":[66],"and":[67,100],"security":[68],"with":[69,84,192],"98":[70],"young":[71],"adults":[72],"mid-west":[75],"university":[76],"user":[79,190],"studies.":[80],"The":[81,171,188],"first":[82],"study":[83],"67":[85],"participants":[86],"showed":[87],"that":[88,140,162,196],"three-level":[90,121,127,202],"password":[92,114],"did":[93],"not":[94],"increase":[95],"difficulty":[97],"of":[98,178,221],"memorization,":[99],"was":[102],"more":[103],"resistant":[104],"attack":[109],"than":[110,135],"(two-level":[115],"=":[116,122],"79.39%":[117],"successful":[118,124],"attacks":[119],"versus":[120],"44.71%":[123],"attacks).":[125],"passwords":[128,203],"have":[129],"higher":[131],"false":[132,198,218],"negative":[133,199],"rate":[134,200,220],"passwords,":[137],"implies":[139],"users":[141,164],"lack":[142],"consistent":[144,168,179],"pattern":[146],"medium":[149],"level.":[150],"address":[152],"issue,":[155],"we":[156],"designed":[157],"adaptive":[159],"training":[160,172,186,209],"process":[161,173],"assists":[163],"forming":[166],"pattern.":[170],"features":[174],"automatic":[176],"detection":[177],"patterns,":[181],"potentially":[183],"reduces":[184],"length.":[187],"second":[189],"study,":[191],"31":[193],"participants,":[194],"indicated":[195],"decreased":[205],"significantly":[206],"after":[207],"59.90%":[211],"2.15%,":[213],"while":[214],"maintaining":[215],"reasonable":[217],"acceptance":[219],"20%.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-29T06:17:43.578629","created_date":"2026-03-05T00:00:00"}
