{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4225695307","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/thms.2022.3155375","title":"Activity and Stress Estimation Based on <i>OpenPose</i> and Electrocardiogram for User-Focused Level-4-Vehicles","display_name":"Activity and Stress Estimation Based on <i>OpenPose</i> and Electrocardiogram for User-Focused Level-4-Vehicles","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4225695307","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/thms.2022.3155375"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/thms.2022.3155375","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/thms.2022.3155375","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2476799526","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems","issn_l":"2168-2291","issn":["2168-2291","2168-2305"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030465888","display_name":"Fabian Walocha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-0157"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fabian Walocha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Transportation Systems, German Aerospace Center, Braunschweig, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-0157","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Transportation Systems, German Aerospace Center, Braunschweig, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048027100","display_name":"Uwe Drewitz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6542-9698"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Uwe Drewitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Transportation Systems, German Aerospace Center, Braunschweig, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6542-9698","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Transportation Systems, German Aerospace Center, Braunschweig, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046734981","display_name":"Klas Ihme","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7911-3512"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Klas Ihme","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Transportation Systems, German Aerospace Center, Braunschweig, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7911-3512","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Transportation Systems, German Aerospace Center, Braunschweig, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030465888"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3452,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80378519,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"52","issue":"4","first_page":"538","last_page":"546"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9898999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12006","display_name":"Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders","score":0.9805999994277954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7279493808746338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.68747878074646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6475159525871277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.5859926342964172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stress","display_name":"Stress (linguistics)","score":0.5371350646018982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.4776521921157837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.46955588459968567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/driving-simulator","display_name":"Driving simulator","score":0.45189595222473145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.4375150799751282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4271206557750702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.42244693636894226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.38403692841529846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3803313672542572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.365767240524292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.35366207361221313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12378069758415222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.09447473287582397}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7279493808746338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.68747878074646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6475159525871277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.5859926342964172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21036866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181767","display_name":"Stress (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5371350646018982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.4776521921157837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.46955588459968567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780689630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2081815","display_name":"Driving simulator","level":2,"score":0.45189595222473145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.4375150799751282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4271206557750702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.42244693636894226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.38403692841529846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3803313672542572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.365767240524292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35366207361221313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12378069758415222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.09447473287582397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/thms.2022.3155375","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/thms.2022.3155375","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2476799526","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems","issn_l":"2168-2291","issn":["2168-2291","2168-2305"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:elib.dlr.de:186063","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/THMS.2022.3155375>.","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196266","display_name":"elib (German Aerospace Center)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","host_organization_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6410889539","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"16AVF2126A","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310476","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Verkehr und Digitale Infrastruktur"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310476","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Verkehr und Digitale Infrastruktur","ror":"https://ror.org/00e3ns026"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1549918667","https://openalex.org/W1872160050","https://openalex.org/W1965257822","https://openalex.org/W1965455921","https://openalex.org/W1970740946","https://openalex.org/W1985690171","https://openalex.org/W2020299530","https://openalex.org/W2025623975","https://openalex.org/W2029334490","https://openalex.org/W2051224630","https://openalex.org/W2065564506","https://openalex.org/W2075666996","https://openalex.org/W2093912976","https://openalex.org/W2117866167","https://openalex.org/W2133589238","https://openalex.org/W2134067070","https://openalex.org/W2139261343","https://openalex.org/W2161874168","https://openalex.org/W2171801645","https://openalex.org/W2184481998","https://openalex.org/W2294798173","https://openalex.org/W2334026559","https://openalex.org/W2493086942","https://openalex.org/W2571810020","https://openalex.org/W2589100236","https://openalex.org/W2893071470","https://openalex.org/W2914040659","https://openalex.org/W2934625602","https://openalex.org/W2941360413","https://openalex.org/W2962730651","https://openalex.org/W3040694930","https://openalex.org/W3041013111","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4256197684","https://openalex.org/W6601230031","https://openalex.org/W6678914141"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1987706094","https://openalex.org/W3213382954","https://openalex.org/W2005768857","https://openalex.org/W1504101963","https://openalex.org/W2963260880","https://openalex.org/W1602935914","https://openalex.org/W2405330379","https://openalex.org/W2213370660","https://openalex.org/W1993930633","https://openalex.org/W2948193045"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Increasing":[0],"vehicle":[1,240],"automation":[2,38],"changes":[3],"the":[4,9,16,34,58,62,72,101,104,222],"role":[5],"of":[6,18,36,74,103,155,224],"humans":[7],"in":[8,46,189,197,209],"car,":[10],"which":[11],"imposes":[12],"new":[13],"requirements":[14,32],"on":[15,40,71,85],"design":[17],"in-vehicle":[19],"software":[20],"and":[21,43,81,87,131,162,174,181,216,233],"hardware":[22],"for":[23,79,178,230,238],"flexible":[24],"interior":[25,63],"concepts.":[26],"An":[27],"option":[28],"to":[29,99,108,145],"meet":[30],"these":[31],"is":[33,143],"development":[35],"user-focused":[37,239],"based":[39,84],"combined":[41],"user":[42],"context":[44],"monitoring":[45],"real":[47],"time.":[48],"The":[49,137],"system":[50],"behavior":[51],"may":[52],"be":[53],"dynamically":[54],"adapted":[55],"by":[56],"adjusting":[57],"driving":[59,91,113],"style":[60],"or":[61],"lighting.":[64],"Here,":[65],"we":[66,170],"present":[67],"a":[68,153,172,175,226],"hierarchical":[69],"approach":[70,177,229],"basis":[73,237],"semantically":[75],"motivated":[76],"low-level":[77],"features":[78,157],"activity":[80,231],"stress":[82,179,195,207,234],"recognition":[83,232],"OpenPose":[86],"electrocardiogram":[88],"data.":[89],"A":[90],"simulator":[92],"study":[93],"with":[94,118,191],"29":[95],"participants":[96],"was":[97],"conducted":[98],"determine":[100],"potential":[102],"approach.":[105],"Participants":[106],"had":[107],"accomplish":[109],"different":[110,149],"tasks:":[111],"manual":[112],"(MD);":[114],"mobile":[115,163],"office":[116,164],"work":[117],"varying":[119],"task":[120,124,128],"load":[121],"levels":[122],"(high":[123],"load:":[125,129],"MO-HT,":[126],"low":[127],"MO-LT);":[130],"relaxing":[132],"(REL)":[133],"during":[134],"automated":[135],"driving.":[136],"validation":[138],"revealed":[139],"that":[140,183],"our":[141,192],"model":[142],"able":[144],"correctly":[146],"distinguish":[147],"between":[148],"activities":[150],"using":[151,225],"only":[152],"set":[154],"primitive":[156],"(average":[158],"precision:":[159],"driving:":[160],"76%":[161],"work:":[165],"93%,":[166],"relaxing:":[167],"86%).":[168],"Furthermore,":[169],"evaluated":[171],"person-independent":[173],"person-specific":[176],"detection":[180,235],"found":[182],"both":[184],"strategies":[185],"show":[186],"similar":[187],"trends":[188],"accordance":[190],"predictions":[193],"(person-independent:":[194],"detected":[196,208],"MO-HT:":[198,210],"22%,":[199],"MO-LT:":[200,212],"18%,":[201,203],"MD:":[202,214],"REL:":[204,217],"15%;":[205],"person-specific:":[206],"79%,":[211],"72%,":[213],"65%,":[215],"50%).":[218],"These":[219],"results":[220],"demonstrate":[221],"efficacy":[223],"lightweight":[227],"semantic":[228],"as":[236],"automation.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}