{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3207741795","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/thms.2021.3115094","title":"A Systematic Review on Motor-Imagery Brain-Connectivity-Based Computer Interfaces","display_name":"A Systematic Review on Motor-Imagery Brain-Connectivity-Based Computer Interfaces","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3207741795","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/thms.2021.3115094","mag":"3207741795"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/thms.2021.3115094","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/thms.2021.3115094","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2476799526","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems","issn_l":"2168-2291","issn":["2168-2291","2168-2305"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003571740","display_name":"Lorenza Brusini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5357-5180"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119439378","display_name":"University of Verona","ror":"https://ror.org/039bp8j42","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lorenza Brusini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5357-5180","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075092636","display_name":"Francesca Stival","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119439378","display_name":"University of Verona","ror":"https://ror.org/039bp8j42","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesca Stival","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001003105","display_name":"Francesco Setti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0015-5534"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119439378","display_name":"University of Verona","ror":"https://ror.org/039bp8j42","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Setti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0015-5534","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053450097","display_name":"Emanuele Menegatti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5794-9979"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","display_name":"University of Padua","ror":"https://ror.org/00240q980","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emanuele Menegatti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, University of Padua, Padua, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Padua, Padua, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042078827","display_name":"Gloria Menegaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6889-3461"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119439378","display_name":"University of Verona","ror":"https://ror.org/039bp8j42","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gloria Menegaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074934100","display_name":"Silvia Francesca Storti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8605-803X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119439378","display_name":"University of Verona","ror":"https://ror.org/039bp8j42","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Silvia Francesca Storti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8605-803X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003571740"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8083,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":56,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94165585,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"51","issue":"6","first_page":"725","last_page":"733"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain\u2013computer-interface","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","score":0.9063007235527039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7748458981513977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-imagery","display_name":"Motor imagery","score":0.7612015008926392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.5550567507743835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.503828227519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47304099798202515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.4685804545879364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4598274230957031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.41706907749176025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.41082969307899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.14628660678863525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.1453171968460083}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173201364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","level":3,"score":0.9063007235527039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7748458981513977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54808283","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6918191","display_name":"Motor imagery","level":4,"score":0.7612015008926392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.5550567507743835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.503828227519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47304099798202515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.4685804545879364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4598274230957031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41706907749176025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.41082969307899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.14628660678863525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.1453171968460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/thms.2021.3115094","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/thms.2021.3115094","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2476799526","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems","issn_l":"2168-2291","issn":["2168-2291","2168-2305"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.research.unipd.it:11577/3420428","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11577/3420428","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196283","display_name":"Research Padua  Archive (University of Padua)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","host_organization_name":"University of Padua","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1980090921","https://openalex.org/W1987811832","https://openalex.org/W2009604254","https://openalex.org/W2019194024","https://openalex.org/W2052684349","https://openalex.org/W2057072986","https://openalex.org/W2061564920","https://openalex.org/W2079059681","https://openalex.org/W2090443208","https://openalex.org/W2097498530","https://openalex.org/W2099509424","https://openalex.org/W2106006415","https://openalex.org/W2107549039","https://openalex.org/W2147933447","https://openalex.org/W2161374186","https://openalex.org/W2162894665","https://openalex.org/W2168396492","https://openalex.org/W2169866873","https://openalex.org/W2197723530","https://openalex.org/W2346353886","https://openalex.org/W2431015733","https://openalex.org/W2512441693","https://openalex.org/W2561907433","https://openalex.org/W2564020593","https://openalex.org/W2576723868","https://openalex.org/W2605382099","https://openalex.org/W2623347427","https://openalex.org/W2741907166","https://openalex.org/W2752432496","https://openalex.org/W2754315338","https://openalex.org/W2761540624","https://openalex.org/W2765815105","https://openalex.org/W2767460367","https://openalex.org/W2793435295","https://openalex.org/W2886362897","https://openalex.org/W2899018725","https://openalex.org/W2899298916","https://openalex.org/W2900802277","https://openalex.org/W2943679459","https://openalex.org/W2944781452","https://openalex.org/W2945716874","https://openalex.org/W2945994694","https://openalex.org/W2946255681","https://openalex.org/W2974051151","https://openalex.org/W2982130226","https://openalex.org/W2995275011","https://openalex.org/W3003030341","https://openalex.org/W3015359842","https://openalex.org/W3033914037","https://openalex.org/W3037047196","https://openalex.org/W3038872437","https://openalex.org/W3081373090","https://openalex.org/W3102003537","https://openalex.org/W3104402815","https://openalex.org/W3107820166","https://openalex.org/W3110772761","https://openalex.org/W3127082825","https://openalex.org/W3141306553","https://openalex.org/W3153920005","https://openalex.org/W6754150666","https://openalex.org/W6784581808"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W131149161","https://openalex.org/W3155355436","https://openalex.org/W1530078976","https://openalex.org/W2990561443","https://openalex.org/W1978174090","https://openalex.org/W1984377984","https://openalex.org/W1979904433","https://openalex.org/W2020519896","https://openalex.org/W1650914880","https://openalex.org/W3135400361"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,146],"review":[1,129],"article":[2,172],"discusses":[3],"the":[4,29,63,75,86,136,143,150,154,157,189,202,206],"definition":[5],"and":[6,18,49,68,109],"implementation":[7],"of":[8,40,42,45,88,107,117,138,149,153,170,179,191,204,208],"brain\u2013computer":[9],"interface":[10],"(BCI)":[11],"system":[12],"relying":[13],"on":[14,130],"brain":[15,79],"connectivity":[16,82],"(BC)":[17],"machine":[19],"learning/deep":[20],"learning":[21],"(DL)":[22],"for":[23,52,62,104],"motor":[24],"imagery":[25],"(MI)-based":[26],"applications.":[27,54],"During":[28],"past":[30,158],"few":[31,159],"years,":[32,160],"many":[33],"approaches":[34],"have":[35],"been":[36],"explored":[37],"in":[38,164],"terms":[39],"types":[41],"neurological":[43],"sources":[44],"information,":[46],"feature":[47],"extraction,":[48],"intention":[50],"prediction":[51],"BCI":[53,64,131,180],"Two":[55],"novel":[56],"aspects":[57],"are":[58],"becoming":[59,102],"increasingly":[60],"interesting":[61],"community:":[65],"BC":[66,192],"modeling":[67,108],"DL.":[69],"The":[70,99,167],"former":[71],"aims":[72],"at":[73,92],"describing":[74],"interactions":[76],"among":[77],"different":[78],"regions":[80],"as":[81,198],"patterns":[83],"that":[84,133,181],"reflect":[85],"dynamics":[87],"information":[89,118],"flow":[90],"either":[91],"rest":[93],"or":[94],"when":[95],"performing":[96],"a":[97,114,126],"task.":[98],"latter":[100],"is":[101,119,173],"pervasive":[103],"its":[105,165],"capability":[106],"predicting":[110],"complex":[111],"data,":[112],"where":[113],"huge":[115],"amount":[116],"involved.":[120],"In":[121],"this":[122,171,176],"scenario,":[123],"we":[124,182],"conducted":[125],"systematic":[127],"literature":[128],"studies":[132],"led":[134],"to":[135,175],"selection":[137],"34":[139],"articles":[140],"meeting":[141],"all":[142],"required":[144],"criteria.":[145],"provides":[147],"evidence":[148],"rapid":[151],"growth":[152],"topic":[155],"over":[156],"though":[161],"being":[162],"still":[163],"infancy.":[166],"last":[168],"part":[169],"dedicated":[174],"new":[177],"frontier":[178],"call":[183],"MI":[184],"BC-based":[185],"computer":[186],"interfaces":[187],"highlighting":[188],"potential":[190,203],"features.":[193],"This,":[194],"jointly":[195],"with":[196],"DL":[197],"enabling":[199],"technology,":[200],"has":[201],"improving":[205],"performance":[207],"electroencephalography-based":[209],"systems.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}