{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3119785763","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/thms.2020.3043302","title":"Gesture Recognition Using Reflected Visible and Infrared Lightwave Signals","display_name":"Gesture Recognition Using Reflected Visible and Infrared Lightwave Signals","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3119785763","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/thms.2020.3043302","mag":"3119785763"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/thms.2020.3043302","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/thms.2020.3043302","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2476799526","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems","issn_l":"2168-2291","issn":["2168-2291","2168-2305"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100739349","display_name":"Li Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5060-2558"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115475287","display_name":"Oklahoma State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01g9vbr38","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Li Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057167967","display_name":"Hisham Abuella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8248-0607"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115475287","display_name":"Oklahoma State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01g9vbr38","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hisham Abuella","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8248-0607","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009758698","display_name":"Md Zobaer Islam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5615-0273"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115475287","display_name":"Oklahoma State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01g9vbr38","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Zobaer Islam","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5615-0273","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081991938","display_name":"John F. O\u2019Hara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8193-1867"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115475287","display_name":"Oklahoma State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01g9vbr38","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John F. O'Hara","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8193-1867","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014357711","display_name":"Christopher Crick","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1635-823X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115475287","display_name":"Oklahoma State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01g9vbr38","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Crick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1635-823X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014255349","display_name":"Sabit Ekin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9957-7752"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115475287","display_name":"Oklahoma State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01g9vbr38","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sabit Ekin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9957-7752","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100739349"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.0922,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91205152,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"51","issue":"1","first_page":"44","last_page":"55"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.987500011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.983299970626831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture","display_name":"Gesture","score":0.9133586883544922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture-recognition","display_name":"Gesture recognition","score":0.7538623809814453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7149966359138489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6584361791610718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5771874785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photodetector","display_name":"Photodetector","score":0.4319726228713989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.36640840768814087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3660314679145813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.17536267638206482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09176802635192871}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207347870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371174","display_name":"Gesture","level":2,"score":0.9133586883544922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159437735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519524","display_name":"Gesture recognition","level":3,"score":0.7538623809814453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7149966359138489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6584361791610718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5771874785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23125352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210765","display_name":"Photodetector","level":2,"score":0.4319726228713989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.36640840768814087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3660314679145813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.17536267638206482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09176802635192871}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/thms.2020.3043302","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/thms.2020.3043302","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2476799526","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems","issn_l":"2168-2291","issn":["2168-2291","2168-2305"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W98434708","https://openalex.org/W1526847395","https://openalex.org/W1605211334","https://openalex.org/W1963540633","https://openalex.org/W1977995219","https://openalex.org/W1983363688","https://openalex.org/W1984816574","https://openalex.org/W2000838212","https://openalex.org/W2009987270","https://openalex.org/W2018540193","https://openalex.org/W2021767041","https://openalex.org/W2024796780","https://openalex.org/W2027800248","https://openalex.org/W2040569955","https://openalex.org/W2060904359","https://openalex.org/W2081367122","https://openalex.org/W2096071611","https://openalex.org/W2096189357","https://openalex.org/W2102205543","https://openalex.org/W2109519180","https://openalex.org/W2111619626","https://openalex.org/W2120009524","https://openalex.org/W2120505402","https://openalex.org/W2131842403","https://openalex.org/W2192244518","https://openalex.org/W2295475768","https://openalex.org/W2318145034","https://openalex.org/W2532751500","https://openalex.org/W2555680306","https://openalex.org/W2611843518","https://openalex.org/W2728659140","https://openalex.org/W2728972335","https://openalex.org/W2754889825","https://openalex.org/W2766813539","https://openalex.org/W2794264461","https://openalex.org/W2795313937","https://openalex.org/W2897877096","https://openalex.org/W2898272312","https://openalex.org/W3082426581","https://openalex.org/W6604015511","https://openalex.org/W6631466691","https://openalex.org/W6640764460","https://openalex.org/W6655001529","https://openalex.org/W6676045232","https://openalex.org/W6678095035","https://openalex.org/W6783270546"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2902873204","https://openalex.org/W2185750513","https://openalex.org/W4312416068","https://openalex.org/W3147379364","https://openalex.org/W2010878661","https://openalex.org/W2026258298","https://openalex.org/W3204639664","https://openalex.org/W2970836791","https://openalex.org/W2805039731","https://openalex.org/W2989699735"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,35],"article,":[2],"we":[3],"demonstrate":[4,164],"the":[5,60,67,99,115,165],"ability":[6],"to":[7,97],"recognize":[8],"hand":[9,69,120,167],"gestures":[10,58],"in":[11,62],"a":[12,23,40,47,71],"noncontact":[13,192],"wireless":[14],"fashion":[15],"using":[16,128],"only":[17,39],"incoherent":[18],"light":[19,42,63,82,160],"signals":[20,106,117],"reflected":[21,65,118],"from":[22,28,59,66,119],"human":[24],"subject.":[25],"Fundamentally":[26],"distinguished":[27],"radar,":[29],"lidar,":[30],"and":[31,46,109,124,137,153,156,158,191],"camera-based":[32],"sensing":[33,36,173],"systems,":[34],"modality":[37],"uses":[38],"low-cost":[41],"source":[43],"(e.g.,":[44,49],"LED)":[45],"sensor":[48],"photodetector).":[50],"The":[51,162,183],"lightwave-based":[52],"gesture":[53,105,168,185],"recognition":[54,169,186],"system":[55,187],"identifies":[56],"different":[57,79,151],"variations":[61,113],"intensity":[64],"subject's":[68],"within":[70],"short":[72],"(20-35":[73],"cm)":[74],"range.":[75],"As":[76],"users":[77],"perform":[78],"gestures,":[80,148],"scattered":[81],"forms":[83],"unique,":[84],"statistically":[85],"repeatable,":[86],"time-domain":[87,112],"signatures.":[88],"These":[89,111],"signatures":[90],"can":[91],"be":[92],"learned":[93],"by":[94,127],"repeated":[95],"sampling":[96],"obtain":[98],"training":[100],"model":[101],"against":[102],"which":[103],"unknown":[104],"are":[107,121],"tested":[108],"categorized.":[110],"of":[114,171,180],"lightwave":[116],"denoised,":[122],"standardized,":[123],"then":[125],"classified":[126],"machine":[129],"learning":[130],"classification":[131],"tools":[132],"such":[133],"as":[134],"$K$-nearest":[135],"neighbors":[136],"support":[138],"vector":[139],"machine.":[140],"Performance":[141],"evaluations":[142],"have":[143],"been":[144],"conducted":[145],"with":[146,177],"eight":[147],"five":[149],"subjects,":[150],"distances":[152],"lighting":[154],"conditions,":[155],"visible":[157],"infrared":[159,172],"sources.":[161],"results":[163],"best":[166],"performance":[170],"at":[174],"20":[175],"cm":[176],"an":[178],"average":[179],"96%":[181],"accuracy.":[182],"developed":[184],"is":[188],"low-cost,":[189],"effective,":[190],"technology":[193],"for":[194],"numerous":[195],"human-computer":[196],"interaction":[197],"applications.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}