{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2952113293","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/thms.2019.2917194","title":"High Cognitive Load Assessment in Drivers Through Wireless Electroencephalography and the Validation of a Modified <i>N</i>-Back Task","display_name":"High Cognitive Load Assessment in Drivers Through Wireless Electroencephalography and the Validation of a Modified <i>N</i>-Back Task","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-06-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2952113293","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/thms.2019.2917194","mag":"2952113293"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/thms.2019.2917194","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/thms.2019.2917194","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2476799526","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems","issn_l":"2168-2291","issn":["2168-2291","2168-2305"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/bitstreams/0f0a3941-30f0-4992-8941-adf50699e4bb/download","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033765089","display_name":"Dengbo He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4359-4083"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dengbo He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056167615","display_name":"Birsen Donmez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1427-7516"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Birsen Donmez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109382331","display_name":"Cheng Chen Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Chen Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059152392","display_name":"Konstantinos N. Plataniotis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3647-5473"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konstantinos N. Plataniotis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033765089"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.669,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":69,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95666301,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"49","issue":"4","first_page":"362","last_page":"371"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.8139097690582275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6709839701652527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-load","display_name":"Cognitive load","score":0.6688299775123596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.5915220975875854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/n-back","display_name":"n-back","score":0.5660452246665955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.44597744941711426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audiology","display_name":"Audiology","score":0.4424080550670624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elementary-cognitive-task","display_name":"Elementary cognitive task","score":0.44085758924484253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4172084331512451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.41314297914505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","score":0.4114904999732971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.37354370951652527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/working-memory","display_name":"Working memory","score":0.23867511749267578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.23306259512901306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22322407364845276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.11088714003562927}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.8139097690582275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6709839701652527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61641136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107019","display_name":"Cognitive load","level":3,"score":0.6688299775123596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5915220975875854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779075527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q306942","display_name":"n-back","level":4,"score":0.5660452246665955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.44597744941711426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.4424080550670624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119653847","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1327780","display_name":"Elementary cognitive task","level":3,"score":0.44085758924484253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4172084331512451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.41314297914505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.4114904999732971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.37354370951652527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21963081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11337567","display_name":"Working memory","level":3,"score":0.23867511749267578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.23306259512901306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22322407364845276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.11088714003562927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/thms.2019.2917194","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/thms.2019.2917194","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2476799526","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems","issn_l":"2168-2291","issn":["2168-2291","2168-2305"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:utoronto.scholaris.ca:1807/97077","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1807/97077","pdf_url":"https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/bitstreams/0f0a3941-30f0-4992-8941-adf50699e4bb/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055458","display_name":"TSpace","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article Post-Print"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:utoronto.scholaris.ca:1807/97077","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1807/97077","pdf_url":"https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/bitstreams/0f0a3941-30f0-4992-8941-adf50699e4bb/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055458","display_name":"TSpace","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article Post-Print"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2165548363","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Canada","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8284766523","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(NSERC)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2952113293.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2952113293.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W361190652","https://openalex.org/W805355577","https://openalex.org/W1964867524","https://openalex.org/W1976447098","https://openalex.org/W1983561474","https://openalex.org/W1985261475","https://openalex.org/W1998977696","https://openalex.org/W2000697043","https://openalex.org/W2004210413","https://openalex.org/W2023133322","https://openalex.org/W2024938223","https://openalex.org/W2030808768","https://openalex.org/W2047401359","https://openalex.org/W2051937529","https://openalex.org/W2056925087","https://openalex.org/W2064749740","https://openalex.org/W2081244659","https://openalex.org/W2093001406","https://openalex.org/W2099082130","https://openalex.org/W2106822551","https://openalex.org/W2107263666","https://openalex.org/W2111587852","https://openalex.org/W2115138059","https://openalex.org/W2128945905","https://openalex.org/W2131051069","https://openalex.org/W2131180276","https://openalex.org/W2133658999","https://openalex.org/W2149985625","https://openalex.org/W2151905266","https://openalex.org/W2153578594","https://openalex.org/W2157080893","https://openalex.org/W2162594179","https://openalex.org/W2186851868","https://openalex.org/W2254350311","https://openalex.org/W2284188655","https://openalex.org/W2285072859","https://openalex.org/W2338870530","https://openalex.org/W2386393684","https://openalex.org/W4255786857","https://openalex.org/W6622996551"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2767358668","https://openalex.org/W2473305934","https://openalex.org/W3017420821","https://openalex.org/W4223555308","https://openalex.org/W2111517084","https://openalex.org/W2905116193","https://openalex.org/W3081611522","https://openalex.org/W2741351499","https://openalex.org/W4392405795","https://openalex.org/W3041445470"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"explores":[2],"the":[3,66,102,111,123,134,150,154,192,200,209,213,249],"influence":[4],"of":[5,68,77,101,139,215,255],"high":[6,44,253],"cognitive":[7,36,78,151,197,256],"load":[8,130,152,257],"on":[9,43,196,229,232,238,241],"vehicle":[10],"driver's":[11],"electroencephalography":[12],"(EEG)":[13],"signals":[14],"collected":[15],"from":[16,164,169],"two":[17,95],"channels":[18],"(Fp1,":[19],"Fp2)":[20],"using":[21],"a":[22,39,81,87,98,244],"wireless":[23],"consumer-grade":[24,245],"system.":[25],"Although":[26],"EEG":[27,201,246],"has":[28,248],"been":[29],"used":[30,48],"in":[31,80,153,173,189],"driving-related":[32,194],"research":[33],"to":[34,72,118,127,143,161,166,171,205,208,251],"assess":[35],"load,":[37,45],"only":[38],"few":[40],"studies":[41,195],"focused":[42],"and":[46,57,94,106,168,185],"they":[47],"research-grade":[49],"systems.":[50,60],"Recent":[51],"advancements":[52],"allow":[53],"for":[54],"less":[55],"intrusive":[56],"more":[58],"affordable":[59],"As":[61],"an":[62],"exploration,":[63],"we":[64],"tested":[65],"feasibility":[67],"one":[69],"such":[70],"system":[71,202,247],"differentiate":[73],"among":[74],"three":[75],"levels":[76,223,254],"taskload":[79],"simulator":[82],"study.":[83],"Thirty-seven":[84],"participants":[85],"completed":[86],"baseline":[88,165],"drive":[89],"with":[90,97,122,191,212,220],"no":[91],"secondary":[92],"task":[93,104,116,125,148,159],"drives":[96],"modified":[99,147,158,210],"version":[100],"n-back":[103,222],"(1-back":[105],"2-back).":[107],"The":[108,157],"modification":[109],"removed":[110],"verbal":[112],"response":[113],"required":[114],"during":[115],"presentation":[117],"prevent":[119],"EEG-signal":[120],"degradation,":[121],"2-back":[124,172],"expected":[126,155],"impose":[128],"higher":[129],"than":[131],"that":[132,145],"by":[133,259],"1-back":[135,170,234],"task.":[136],"Another":[137],"objective":[138],"this":[140,146],"study":[141],"is":[142],"validate":[144],"increased":[149],"manner.":[156],"led":[160],"significant":[162],"trends":[163],"1-back,":[167],"participants'":[174],"heart":[175],"rate,":[176],"galvanic":[177],"skin":[178],"response,":[179],"respiration,":[180],"horizontal":[181],"gaze":[182],"position":[183],"variability,":[184],"pupil":[186],"diameter,":[187],"all":[188],"line":[190],"previous":[193],"load.":[198],"Furthermore,":[199],"was":[203],"observed":[204],"be":[206],"sensitive":[207],"task,":[211],"power":[214],"alpha":[216],"band":[217],"decreasing":[218],"significantly":[219],"increasing":[221],"(baseline":[224],"versus":[225,235],"1-back:":[226],"0.092":[227],"Bels":[228],"Fp1,":[230,239],"0.179":[231],"Fp2;":[233],"2-back:":[236],"0.209":[237],"0.147":[240],"Fp2).":[242],"Thus,":[243],"potential":[250],"capture":[252],"experienced":[258],"drivers.":[260]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-03-31T07:56:22.981413","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
