{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2919486271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/thms.2018.2888578","title":"Operator Strategy Model Development in UAV Hacking Detection","display_name":"Operator Strategy Model Development in UAV Hacking Detection","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-02-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2919486271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/thms.2018.2888578","mag":"2919486271"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/thms.2018.2888578","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/thms.2018.2888578","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6221037/8910331/08653416.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2476799526","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems","issn_l":"2168-2291","issn":["2168-2291","2168-2305"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6221037/8910331/08653416.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082103092","display_name":"Haibei Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1565-267X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haibei Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000895787","display_name":"Mary L. Cummings","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2557-6930"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mary L. Cummings","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006106545","display_name":"Mahmoud Elfar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5579-1255"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahmoud Elfar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100653215","display_name":"Ziyao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7467-737X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziyao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086742584","display_name":"Miroslav Paji\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5357-0117"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miroslav Pajic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082103092"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0433,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89666914,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"49","issue":"6","first_page":"540","last_page":"549"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11500","display_name":"Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.7621850371360779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7282105088233948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hacker","display_name":"Hacker","score":0.6846150159835815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.6275659203529358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testbed","display_name":"Testbed","score":0.5888679027557373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geolocation","display_name":"Geolocation","score":0.5268869400024414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.4930259883403778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.465517520904541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/situation-awareness","display_name":"Situation awareness","score":0.44840550422668457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operator","display_name":"Operator (biology)","score":0.44634175300598145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4300917088985443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.38744473457336426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3661465346813202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3634606599807739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.35501089692115784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13653385639190674}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.7621850371360779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7282105088233948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86844869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798820","display_name":"Hacker","level":2,"score":0.6846150159835815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.6275659203529358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.5888679027557373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22041718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638949","display_name":"Geolocation","level":2,"score":0.5268869400024414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.4930259883403778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.465517520904541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145804949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q478123","display_name":"Situation awareness","level":2,"score":0.44840550422668457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17020691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139677","display_name":"Operator (biology)","level":5,"score":0.44634175300598145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4300917088985443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.38744473457336426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3661465346813202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3634606599807739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.35501089692115784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13653385639190674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86339819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407384","display_name":"Transcription factor","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158448853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425218","display_name":"Repressor","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/thms.2018.2888578","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/thms.2018.2888578","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6221037/8910331/08653416.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2476799526","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems","issn_l":"2168-2291","issn":["2168-2291","2168-2305"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/thms.2018.2888578","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/thms.2018.2888578","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6221037/8910331/08653416.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2476799526","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems","issn_l":"2168-2291","issn":["2168-2291","2168-2305"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6000000238418579,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1842501752","display_name":"CAREER: Foundations for Secure Control of Cyber-Physical Systems","funder_award_id":"1652544","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2267316749","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1652544","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2811237814","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4504108201","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-17-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4751570384","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"4-17-1-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5189256463","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-17-1-2504","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8519615577","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-17-1-2012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8876996369","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2919486271.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2919486271.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W617340121","https://openalex.org/W1552815313","https://openalex.org/W1553059490","https://openalex.org/W1604244228","https://openalex.org/W1921864689","https://openalex.org/W1943499898","https://openalex.org/W1968787321","https://openalex.org/W1991366868","https://openalex.org/W2005801175","https://openalex.org/W2007321142","https://openalex.org/W2015086338","https://openalex.org/W2016437165","https://openalex.org/W2060295573","https://openalex.org/W2105594594","https://openalex.org/W2112719643","https://openalex.org/W2124913350","https://openalex.org/W2125838338","https://openalex.org/W2128005148","https://openalex.org/W2128272608","https://openalex.org/W2130999854","https://openalex.org/W2140466491","https://openalex.org/W2149095485","https://openalex.org/W2164933205","https://openalex.org/W2168175751","https://openalex.org/W2170140722","https://openalex.org/W2182984782","https://openalex.org/W2207856858","https://openalex.org/W2249382471","https://openalex.org/W2289901465","https://openalex.org/W2502262719","https://openalex.org/W2516521254","https://openalex.org/W2566510693","https://openalex.org/W2589095087","https://openalex.org/W2597062023","https://openalex.org/W2606556751","https://openalex.org/W2807105862","https://openalex.org/W3147447086","https://openalex.org/W6633139774","https://openalex.org/W6636302042","https://openalex.org/W6686477898","https://openalex.org/W6696456325","https://openalex.org/W6731781941"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2163194970","https://openalex.org/W3105229732","https://openalex.org/W2799094075","https://openalex.org/W2883256816","https://openalex.org/W2892370851","https://openalex.org/W2187946387","https://openalex.org/W2052024186","https://openalex.org/W2939141610","https://openalex.org/W2921504876","https://openalex.org/W4390738443"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0,63],"increasingly":[1],"relevant":[2],"security":[3],"issue":[4],"for":[5,153],"unmanned":[6],"aerial":[7],"vehicles":[8],"(UAVs,":[9],"also":[10],"known":[11],"as":[12],"drones)":[13],"is":[14,83],"the":[15,26,88,100,158,163],"possibility":[16],"of":[17,50,136,145,160,165],"a":[18,46,84],"global":[19],"positioning":[20],"system":[21],"(GPS)":[22],"spoofing":[23,32,61],"attack.":[24],"Given":[25],"existing":[27],"problems":[28],"in":[29,39,58,134,148,173],"current":[30],"GPS":[31,60],"detection":[33,82,117,132,140],"techniques":[34],"and":[35,41,66,70,97,107,121,171],"human":[36,51,174],"visual":[37],"advantages":[38],"searching":[40],"localizing":[42],"targets,":[43],"we":[44],"propose":[45],"human-autonomy":[47,79],"collaborative":[48,80],"approach":[49],"geolocation":[52],"to":[53,72],"assist":[54],"UAV":[55,154],"control":[56,176],"systems":[57],"detecting":[59],"attacks.":[62],"interactive":[64],"testbed":[65],"experiment":[67,101],"were":[68,102],"designed":[69],"used":[71],"evaluate":[73],"this":[74],"approach,":[75,93],"which":[76],"demonstrated":[77],"that":[78],"hacking":[81,116,131,155],"viable":[85],"concept.":[86],"Using":[87],"hidden":[89,105],"Markov":[90],"model":[91,142],"(HMM)":[92],"operator":[94,168],"behavior":[95,169],"patterns":[96,170],"strategies":[98,133,172],"from":[99],"modeled":[103],"via":[104],"states":[106],"transitions":[108],"among":[109],"them.":[110],"These":[111],"models":[112],"revealed":[113],"two":[114],"dominant":[115],"strategies.":[118],"Statistical":[119],"results":[120],"expert":[122],"performer":[123],"evaluations":[124],"show":[125],"no":[126],"significant":[127],"difference":[128],"between":[129],"different":[130],"terms":[135],"correct":[137],"detection.":[138,156],"The":[139],"strategy":[141],"suggests":[143],"areas":[144],"future":[146],"research":[147],"decision":[149],"support":[150],"tool":[151],"design":[152],"Also,":[157],"development":[159],"HMMs":[161],"presents":[162],"feasibility":[164],"quantitatively":[166],"investigating":[167],"supervisory":[175],"scenarios.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
