{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2084491494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/thms.2015.2404913","title":"Binary Data Embedding Framework for Multiclass Classification","display_name":"Binary Data Embedding Framework for Multiclass Classification","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-03-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2084491494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/thms.2015.2404913","mag":"2084491494"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/thms.2015.2404913","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/thms.2015.2404913","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2476799526","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems","issn_l":"2168-2291","issn":["2168-2291","2168-2305"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064187343","display_name":"Chi Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8677-1476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Chi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K","[Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008401801","display_name":"Elias J. Griffith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9360-381X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elias J. Griffith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K","[Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079825375","display_name":"John Y. Goulermas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0381-124X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Yannis Goulermas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K","[Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088124267","display_name":"Jason F. Ralph","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4946-9948"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason F. Ralph","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K","[Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9184,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82123665,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"4","first_page":"453","last_page":"464"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9805999994277954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.66372150182724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.6190550923347473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6155295968055725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5595168471336365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pairwise-comparison","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","score":0.5236539840698242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/closeness","display_name":"Closeness","score":0.4639527201652527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.42141997814178467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiclass-classification","display_name":"Multiclass classification","score":0.4151843190193176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3705489933490753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2388995885848999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.21115651726722717}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.66372150182724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.6190550923347473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6155295968055725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5595168471336365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184898388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435712","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","level":2,"score":0.5236539840698242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779545769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5135364","display_name":"Closeness","level":2,"score":0.4639527201652527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.42141997814178467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123860398","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934605","display_name":"Multiclass classification","level":3,"score":0.4151843190193176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3705489933490753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2388995885848999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.21115651726722717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/thms.2015.2404913","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/thms.2015.2404913","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2476799526","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems","issn_l":"2168-2291","issn":["2168-2291","2168-2305"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.800000011920929}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":85,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W123326269","https://openalex.org/W1504154695","https://openalex.org/W1709848863","https://openalex.org/W1770825568","https://openalex.org/W1922017469","https://openalex.org/W1927345150","https://openalex.org/W1968011797","https://openalex.org/W1975595700","https://openalex.org/W1988219946","https://openalex.org/W1989291446","https://openalex.org/W1990529700","https://openalex.org/W1999098530","https://openalex.org/W2001141328","https://openalex.org/W2001619934","https://openalex.org/W2006475033","https://openalex.org/W2014610539","https://openalex.org/W2015452969","https://openalex.org/W2018848583","https://openalex.org/W2024194293","https://openalex.org/W2024464446","https://openalex.org/W2028948670","https://openalex.org/W2030095118","https://openalex.org/W2038622192","https://openalex.org/W2049701820","https://openalex.org/W2052947212","https://openalex.org/W2053186076","https://openalex.org/W2053724458","https://openalex.org/W2063978378","https://openalex.org/W2070613221","https://openalex.org/W2074013819","https://openalex.org/W2081237931","https://openalex.org/W2087932678","https://openalex.org/W2091632079","https://openalex.org/W2097308346","https://openalex.org/W2098089028","https://openalex.org/W2101726875","https://openalex.org/W2103560185","https://openalex.org/W2105055468","https://openalex.org/W2109531142","https://openalex.org/W2109647201","https://openalex.org/W2111427896","https://openalex.org/W2118978333","https://openalex.org/W2121647436","https://openalex.org/W2121947440","https://openalex.org/W2123111020","https://openalex.org/W2123921160","https://openalex.org/W2124216369","https://openalex.org/W2124728898","https://openalex.org/W2125778906","https://openalex.org/W2125874614","https://openalex.org/W2126137596","https://openalex.org/W2132549764","https://openalex.org/W2132822263","https://openalex.org/W2132914434","https://openalex.org/W2133368777","https://openalex.org/W2135346934","https://openalex.org/W2136635436","https://openalex.org/W2137570937","https://openalex.org/W2140477882","https://openalex.org/W2142130234","https://openalex.org/W2146194630","https://openalex.org/W2146615496","https://openalex.org/W2154872931","https://openalex.org/W2155754954","https://openalex.org/W2155759509","https://openalex.org/W2158281641","https://openalex.org/W2161951361","https://openalex.org/W2165874743","https://openalex.org/W2168239064","https://openalex.org/W2169073444","https://openalex.org/W2172000360","https://openalex.org/W2402776987","https://openalex.org/W2466512847","https://openalex.org/W3014771378","https://openalex.org/W3099514962","https://openalex.org/W3148981562","https://openalex.org/W4206070770","https://openalex.org/W4292933682","https://openalex.org/W6648016970","https://openalex.org/W6650410205","https://openalex.org/W6676189307","https://openalex.org/W6678482507","https://openalex.org/W6682644385","https://openalex.org/W6684578312","https://openalex.org/W6713150960"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1995054232","https://openalex.org/W1556709767","https://openalex.org/W1557920161","https://openalex.org/W2156910174","https://openalex.org/W2011510925","https://openalex.org/W1993023208","https://openalex.org/W4291020658","https://openalex.org/W2593813644","https://openalex.org/W1968265719","https://openalex.org/W2905251838"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"proposes":[2],"a":[3,42,83,94],"novel":[4],"manifold":[5],"embedding":[6,105,109,189],"method":[7,17,47,98,179,215],"for":[8,37,58,62,134,188,223],"the":[9,24,68,88,108,122,142,148,156,160,166,177],"automated":[10],"processing":[11,61],"of":[12,52,80,91,100,113,124,176,195,198,228],"large":[13,78],"varied":[14],"datasets.":[15,212],"The":[16,45,97,174,213],"is":[18,48,70,138,180],"based":[19,120],"on":[20,121],"binary":[21],"classification,":[22],"where":[23,67],"embeddings":[25],"are":[26,56,118],"constructed":[27],"so":[28],"as":[29,206,208],"to":[30,50,71,82,93,140,147,153],"determine":[31],"one":[32],"or":[33,170],"more":[34],"unique":[35],"features":[36],"each":[38],"class":[39,168],"individually":[40],"from":[41,144,164],"given":[43],"dataset.":[44],"proposed":[46,139,178,214],"applied":[49],"examples":[51],"multiclass":[53],"classification":[54],"that":[55],"relevant":[57],"large-scale":[59],"data":[60,81,92,162,230],"surveillance":[63],"(e.g.,":[64],"face":[65],"recognition),":[66],"aim":[69],"augment":[72],"decision":[73],"making":[74],"by":[75],"reducing":[76],"extremely":[77],"sets":[79,227],"manageable":[84],"level":[85],"before":[86],"displaying":[87],"selected":[89],"subset":[90],"human":[95],"operator.":[96],"consists":[99],"two":[101,209],"stages:":[102],"Preprocessing":[103],"and":[104,115,127,203],"computation.":[106],"In":[107,130],"computation,":[110],"adaptive":[111],"measures":[112],"intraclass":[114],"interclass":[116],"information":[117],"proposed,":[119],"concepts":[123],"\u201cfriend":[125],"closeness\u201d":[126],"\u201cenemy":[128],"dispersion.\u201d":[129],"addition,":[131],"an":[132],"indicator":[133],"weighted":[135],"pairwise":[136],"constraint":[137],"balance":[141],"contributions":[143],"different":[145,171],"classes":[146,172],"final":[149],"optimization,":[150],"in":[151],"order":[152],"better":[154,217],"control":[155],"relative":[157],"positions":[158],"between":[159],"important":[161],"samples":[163],"either":[165],"same":[167],"(intraclass)":[169],"(interclass).":[173],"effectiveness":[175],"evaluated":[181],"through":[182],"comparison":[183],"with":[184,225],"seven":[185],"existing":[186,220],"techniques":[187],"learning,":[190],"using":[191],"four":[192],"established":[193],"databases":[194],"faces,":[196],"consisting":[197],"various":[199],"poses,":[200],"lighting":[201],"conditions,":[202],"facial":[204],"expressions,":[205],"well":[207],"standard":[210],"text":[211],"performs":[216],"than":[218],"these":[219],"techniques,":[221],"especially":[222],"cases":[224],"small":[226],"training":[229],"samples.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}