{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2043502923","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/thms.2014.2368092","title":"Activity Sequence-Based Indoor Pedestrian Localization Using Smartphones","display_name":"Activity Sequence-Based Indoor Pedestrian Localization Using Smartphones","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-12-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2043502923","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/thms.2014.2368092","mag":"2043502923"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/thms.2014.2368092","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/thms.2014.2368092","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2476799526","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems","issn_l":"2168-2291","issn":["2168-2291","2168-2305"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041042386","display_name":"Baoding Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1607-2626"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baoding Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100404067","display_name":"Qingquan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2438-6046"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingquan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","Department of State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016850372","display_name":"Qingzhou Mao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7948-2828"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingzhou Mao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022293237","display_name":"Wei Tu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0255-4037"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Tu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100625604","display_name":"Xing Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2447-1408"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.3969,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":140,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96185566,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"5","first_page":"562","last_page":"574"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11500","display_name":"Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stairs","display_name":"Stairs","score":0.9104679822921753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian","display_name":"Pedestrian","score":0.831058144569397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elevator","display_name":"Elevator","score":0.7335349917411804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.6672903895378113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dead-reckoning","display_name":"Dead reckoning","score":0.6663159132003784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.65934818983078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.6232532858848572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.6048849821090698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5259878039360046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.45365798473358154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39601707458496094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.34596318006515503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3249872922897339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.24075576663017273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19199401140213013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11590564250946045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.11360833048820496}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777295749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12511","display_name":"Stairs","level":2,"score":0.9104679822921753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777113093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221488","display_name":"Pedestrian","level":2,"score":0.831058144569397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147021018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252451","display_name":"Elevator","level":2,"score":0.7335349917411804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6672903895378113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106165642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152255","display_name":"Dead reckoning","level":3,"score":0.6663159132003784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.65934818983078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.6232532858848572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.6048849821090698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5259878039360046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.45365798473358154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39601707458496094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.34596318006515503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3249872922897339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.24075576663017273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19199401140213013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11590564250946045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.11360833048820496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/thms.2014.2368092","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/thms.2014.2368092","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2476799526","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems","issn_l":"2168-2291","issn":["2168-2291","2168-2305"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.6899999976158142}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1423486183","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41201483","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G631363666","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41301511","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7812259031","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41401444","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8057245365","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2014M560671","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8358786546","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2013M542199","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324116","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325571","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326908","display_name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1492187049","https://openalex.org/W1575873342","https://openalex.org/W1964120742","https://openalex.org/W1968075071","https://openalex.org/W1984170608","https://openalex.org/W1986377638","https://openalex.org/W1991441353","https://openalex.org/W1995588456","https://openalex.org/W1996573126","https://openalex.org/W2007387357","https://openalex.org/W2008891225","https://openalex.org/W2015498896","https://openalex.org/W2017634428","https://openalex.org/W2018596386","https://openalex.org/W2020702887","https://openalex.org/W2024255528","https://openalex.org/W2024720822","https://openalex.org/W2033881875","https://openalex.org/W2041479245","https://openalex.org/W2041608059","https://openalex.org/W2044831755","https://openalex.org/W2054602086","https://openalex.org/W2057968074","https://openalex.org/W2060273291","https://openalex.org/W2060815267","https://openalex.org/W2071077565","https://openalex.org/W2074614040","https://openalex.org/W2074719126","https://openalex.org/W2078493525","https://openalex.org/W2079251198","https://openalex.org/W2096059569","https://openalex.org/W2099136733","https://openalex.org/W2099817569","https://openalex.org/W2100989187","https://openalex.org/W2111737705","https://openalex.org/W2118975298","https://openalex.org/W2125838338","https://openalex.org/W2132023300","https://openalex.org/W2135822894","https://openalex.org/W2148874154","https://openalex.org/W2154711971","https://openalex.org/W2163965192","https://openalex.org/W2163993204","https://openalex.org/W2164729653","https://openalex.org/W2166315077","https://openalex.org/W2169724204","https://openalex.org/W2170102584","https://openalex.org/W2999214452","https://openalex.org/W6629401500","https://openalex.org/W6654243661","https://openalex.org/W6655530703","https://openalex.org/W7063031966"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2387566434","https://openalex.org/W2375789754","https://openalex.org/W2680097803","https://openalex.org/W2907955501","https://openalex.org/W1517530558","https://openalex.org/W2041495857","https://openalex.org/W2686638239","https://openalex.org/W4230436141","https://openalex.org/W2586418130","https://openalex.org/W2349369721"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"an":[3,64,154],"activity":[4,13,89,106,202],"sequence-based":[5],"indoor":[6,65,120],"pedestrian":[7,113,171],"localization":[8,114,172,185],"approach":[9,148,167,198],"using":[10,77,123,149],"smartphones.":[11],"The":[12,60,84,161,182,191],"sequence":[14,107],"consists":[15],"of":[16,135],"several":[17,130],"continuous":[18],"activities":[19,40,76,86],"during":[20],"the":[21,31,34,52,74,78,88,92,104,119,133,136,141,165,176,180,196],"walking":[22,37],"process,":[23],"such":[24],"as":[25],"turning":[26],"at":[27,47],"a":[28,44,82,124,158],"corner,":[29],"taking":[30,33],"elevator,":[32],"escalator,":[35],"and":[36,58,108,157,205],"stairs.":[38,59],"These":[39],"take":[41],"place":[42],"when":[43],"user":[45,137],"walks":[46],"some":[48],"special":[49,61,131],"points":[50,62],"in":[51,81,151,179],"building,":[53],"like":[54],"corners,":[55],"elevators,":[56],"escalators,":[57],"form":[63],"road":[66,121],"network.":[67],"In":[68],"our":[69,146],"approach,":[70],"we":[71,111],"first":[72],"detect":[73],"user's":[75,93],"built-in":[79],"sensors":[80],"smartphone.":[83],"detected":[85,105],"constitute":[87],"sequence.":[90],"Meanwhile,":[91],"trajectory":[94],"is":[95,187,199],"reckoned":[96,109],"by":[97,115],"Pedestrian":[98],"Dead":[99],"Reckoning":[100],"(PDR).":[101],"Based":[102],"on":[103,140],"trajectory,":[110],"realize":[112,169],"matching":[116],"them":[117],"to":[118,201],"network":[122],"Hidden":[125],"Markov":[126],"Model.":[127],"After":[128],"encountering":[129],"points,":[132],"location":[134],"would":[138],"converge":[139],"true":[142],"one.":[143],"We":[144],"evaluate":[145],"proposed":[147,166,197],"smartphones":[150],"two":[152],"buildings:":[153],"office":[155],"building":[156],"shopping":[159],"mall.":[160],"results":[162,192],"show":[163],"that":[164,195],"can":[168],"autonomous":[170],"even":[173],"without":[174],"knowing":[175],"initial":[177],"point":[178],"environments.":[181],"mean":[183],"offline":[184],"error":[186,204],"about":[188],"1.3":[189],"m.":[190],"also":[193],"demonstrate":[194],"robust":[200],"detection":[203],"PDR":[206],"estimation":[207],"error.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}