{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417439078","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3645345","title":"Reconstructing Pre-SMAP Archives of Polarized Brightness Temperatures in Arctic Sea Ice Leveraging ResNet-Based Conditional GANs","display_name":"Reconstructing Pre-SMAP Archives of Polarized Brightness Temperatures in Arctic Sea Ice Leveraging ResNet-Based Conditional GANs","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417439078","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3645345"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3645345","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3645345","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060586513","display_name":"Suna Jo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2176-7457"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suna Jo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea","Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, 209, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2176-7457","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, 209, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100650578","display_name":"Hyun\u2010Cheol Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6831-9291"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093716","display_name":"Korea Polar Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00n14a494","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133437993","https://openalex.org/I4210093716"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyun-Cheol Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Remote Sensing and GIS, Korea Polar Research Institute, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea","Center of Remote Sensing and GIS, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26, Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6831-9291","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Remote Sensing and GIS, Korea Polar Research Institute, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093716"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Remote Sensing and GIS, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26, Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093716"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064465804","display_name":"Sungwook Hong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5518-9478"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sungwook Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environment and Energy, Center for Earth and Environment Research, Sejong University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea","Department of Environment and Energy, Center for Earth and Environment Research, Sejong University, 209, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5518-9478","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environment and Energy, Center for Earth and Environment Research, Sejong University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environment and Energy, Center for Earth and Environment Research, Sejong University, 209, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.39249284,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"15"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.8736000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.8736000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.04349999874830246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.042500000447034836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-ice","display_name":"Sea ice","score":0.6204000115394592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brightness","display_name":"Brightness","score":0.5853000283241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brightness-temperature","display_name":"Brightness temperature","score":0.5303999781608582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arctic","display_name":"Arctic","score":0.527899980545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.5220999717712402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polarization","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","score":0.45509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-arctic","display_name":"The arctic","score":0.39340001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moisture","display_name":"Moisture","score":0.37220001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snow","display_name":"Snow","score":0.36230000853538513}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136894858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213926","display_name":"Sea ice","level":2,"score":0.6204000115394592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125245961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221656","display_name":"Brightness","level":2,"score":0.5853000283241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5817000269889832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5715000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53802167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4538627","display_name":"Brightness temperature","level":3,"score":0.5303999781608582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518008717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25322","display_name":"Arctic","level":2,"score":0.527899980545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.5220999717712402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205049153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698605","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.45509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.4138999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018378255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25322","display_name":"The arctic","level":2,"score":0.39340001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.38420000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176864760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217651","display_name":"Moisture","level":2,"score":0.37220001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197046000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7561","display_name":"Snow","level":2,"score":0.36230000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778329001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4817104","display_name":"Atmospheric correction","level":3,"score":0.3589000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.35659998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.3375999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.3273000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194520297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7440064","display_name":"Sea ice concentration","level":5,"score":0.31310001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170061395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5468164","display_name":"Forecast skill","level":2,"score":0.31200000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780092901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433612","display_name":"Correlation coefficient","level":2,"score":0.30790001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74501621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125465","display_name":"Sea level","level":2,"score":0.30730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118365302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4817115","display_name":"Atmospheric model","level":2,"score":0.2962000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.29420000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168754636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620920","display_name":"Climate model","level":3,"score":0.2915000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.28619998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161798024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3651008","display_name":"Arctic ice pack","level":3,"score":0.2718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205325660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258914","display_name":"Ice core","level":2,"score":0.2549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134097258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1507383","display_name":"Sea surface temperature","level":2,"score":0.2517000138759613}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3645345","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3645345","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G564422754","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2025-16064562","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G831227641","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PE24040","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322011","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8453256155","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PE25040","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322011","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322011","display_name":"Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries","ror":"https://ror.org/00c5s4a53"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322474","display_name":"Korea Polar Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00n14a494"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1553180896","https://openalex.org/W1636908153","https://openalex.org/W1807177342","https://openalex.org/W1952006413","https://openalex.org/W1993451697","https://openalex.org/W1996565070","https://openalex.org/W2003552606","https://openalex.org/W2028238058","https://openalex.org/W2036892560","https://openalex.org/W2039348932","https://openalex.org/W2060171508","https://openalex.org/W2075818309","https://openalex.org/W2077252525","https://openalex.org/W2094530331","https://openalex.org/W2097549399","https://openalex.org/W2102367926","https://openalex.org/W2115421472","https://openalex.org/W2126229471","https://openalex.org/W2127129605","https://openalex.org/W2131110520","https://openalex.org/W2141219203","https://openalex.org/W2170808722","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2297508164","https://openalex.org/W2425944486","https://openalex.org/W2463813909","https://openalex.org/W2498586757","https://openalex.org/W2586443140","https://openalex.org/W2593414223","https://openalex.org/W2750113564","https://openalex.org/W2751462701","https://openalex.org/W2752487491","https://openalex.org/W2765828705","https://openalex.org/W2794873968","https://openalex.org/W2963073614","https://openalex.org/W3013216831","https://openalex.org/W3049226960","https://openalex.org/W3131977282","https://openalex.org/W4226397852","https://openalex.org/W4285794683","https://openalex.org/W4287883443","https://openalex.org/W4295122555","https://openalex.org/W4312985441","https://openalex.org/W4313289347","https://openalex.org/W4324344134","https://openalex.org/W4362590175","https://openalex.org/W4364375297","https://openalex.org/W4378647831","https://openalex.org/W4381485794","https://openalex.org/W4382197290","https://openalex.org/W4382288766","https://openalex.org/W4391594069","https://openalex.org/W4396680487","https://openalex.org/W4402169958","https://openalex.org/W4406697616"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,166],"presents":[2],"a":[3,59],"deep-learning":[4],"(D2S)":[5],"model":[6,50,117,208],"to":[7,71,105,112,223,234,245,257],"generate":[8],"historical":[9,106,239],"vertically":[10],"polarized":[11,15,85,214],"(TBv)":[12],"and":[13,31,55,67,77,91,99,126,136,142,150,153,160,175,178,244],"horizontally":[14],"(TBh)":[16],"brightness":[17],"temperatures":[18],"(TBs)":[19],"at":[20],"the":[21,36,52,72,171,194,197,206,218,224,236],"Soil":[22],"Moisture":[23],"Active-Passive":[24],"(SMAP)":[25],"1.4":[26],"GHz":[27,45],"channels":[28],"using":[29,81],"TBv":[30,125],"TBs":[32,86,174,177],"polarization":[33],"difference":[34],"from":[35,87,109],"Defense":[37],"Meteorological":[38],"Satellite":[39],"Program":[40],"(DMSP)":[41],"satellite":[42],"series'":[43],"19.35":[44],"channels.":[46],"The":[47,115,228],"proposed":[48],"D2S":[49,116,198,207,229],"employed":[51],"ResNet9-based":[53],"generator":[54],"PatchGAN-based":[56],"discriminator,":[57],"with":[58],"compositve":[60],"loss":[61],"function":[62],"synergizing":[63],"mean":[64,154],"squared":[65],"error":[66],"L1":[68],"losses,":[69],"similar":[70],"Pix2Pix":[73],"architecture.":[74],"Training,":[75],"validation,":[76],"testing":[78],"were":[79,189],"conducted":[80],"paired":[82],"datasets":[83],"of":[84,134,139,147,157,182,196,238],"SMAP":[88,124,173],"(1.41":[89],"GHz)":[90,94],"DMSP":[92],"(19.35":[93],"collected":[95],"between":[96,170],"July":[97],"2015":[98],"June":[100,113],"2022,":[101],"followed":[102],"by":[103,250],"application":[104],"data":[107],"spanning":[108],"September":[110],"1987":[111],"2015.":[114],"demonstrated":[118],"robust":[119],"performance":[120],"in":[121,200],"generating":[122],"both":[123],"TBh,":[127],"achieving":[128],"test":[129],"set":[130],"average":[131],"correlation":[132],"coefficients":[133],"0.994":[135],"0.992,":[137],"biases":[138],"0.150":[140],"K":[141,149,159],"-0.259":[143],"K,":[144,152,162],"root-mean-square":[145],"errors":[146,156],"6.463":[148],"9.011":[151],"absolute":[155],"3.883":[158],"5.518":[161],"respectively.":[163],"Furthermore,":[164],"this":[165],"showed":[167],"reasonable":[168],"agreement":[169],"D2S-generated":[172],"SMOS":[176],"provided":[179],"preliminary":[180],"results":[181],"thin":[183],"sea":[184,202,241],"ice":[185,203,242],"thickness":[186],"retrievals,":[187],"which":[188],"further":[190],"used":[191],"for":[192],"evaluating":[193],"limitations":[195],"approach":[199],"specific":[201],"regions.":[204],"Consequently,":[205],"can":[209],"provide":[210],"empirically":[211],"consistent":[212],"SMAP-like":[213],"TB":[215],"estimates":[216],"over":[217],"Arctic,":[219],"including":[220],"periods":[221],"prior":[222],"L-band":[225],"operational":[226],"era.":[227],"framework":[230],"offers":[231],"significant":[232],"potential":[233],"enhance":[235],"reconstruction":[237],"Arctic":[240],"conditions":[243],"support":[246],"climate":[247],"change":[248],"studies":[249],"providing":[251],"surrogate":[252],"L-band\u2013equivalent":[253],"information":[254],"extending":[255],"back":[256],"1987.":[258]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-12-17T00:00:00"}