{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417169525","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3642154","title":"Characteristics of L-Band Microwave Scattering From Layered Rough Soil With a Full-Wave Volume Integral Equation Approach","display_name":"Characteristics of L-Band Microwave Scattering From Layered Rough Soil With a Full-Wave Volume Integral Equation Approach","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417169525","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3642154"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3642154","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3642154","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026200050","display_name":"Xuyang Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3799-4120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xuyang Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University&#x2013;University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China","Zhejiang University-University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University&#x2013;University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692","https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University-University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692","https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090060473","display_name":"Shurun Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7331-3484"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shurun Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University&#x2013;University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China","Zhejiang University-University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University&#x2013;University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692","https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University-University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692","https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026200050"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225","https://openalex.org/I76130692"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.3672025,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11607","display_name":"Microwave and Dielectric Measurement Techniques","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scattering","display_name":"Scattering","score":0.7214999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integral-equation","display_name":"Integral equation","score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discretization","display_name":"Discretization","score":0.5497000217437744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-dipole-approximation","display_name":"Discrete dipole approximation","score":0.4334000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-roughness","display_name":"Surface roughness","score":0.40799999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-finish","display_name":"Surface finish","score":0.33309999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microwave","display_name":"Microwave","score":0.29260000586509705}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.7214999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27016315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580101","display_name":"Integral equation","level":2,"score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73000952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007827","display_name":"Discretization","level":2,"score":0.5497000217437744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49874194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282045","display_name":"Discrete dipole approximation","level":3,"score":0.4334000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107365816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114817","display_name":"Surface roughness","level":2,"score":0.40799999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.3452000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71039073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3439090","display_name":"Surface finish","level":2,"score":0.33309999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3222000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.314300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.30489999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44838205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127995","display_name":"Microwave","level":2,"score":0.29260000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2897000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67105901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903737","display_name":"Scattering theory","level":3,"score":0.28769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159750122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023","display_name":"Soil water","level":2,"score":0.28690001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2833000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.2782999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120456961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Light scattering","level":3,"score":0.27489998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48753275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11216","display_name":"Numerical analysis","level":2,"score":0.273499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.27239999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1893757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3653001","display_name":"Inversion (geology)","level":3,"score":0.26989999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779885931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17010029","display_name":"Microwave imaging","level":3,"score":0.2644999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.2614000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24939127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373499","display_name":"Water content","level":2,"score":0.25540000200271606}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3642154","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3642154","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3895444586","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFB3903300","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G767767576","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFB3903302","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322927","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1661217331","https://openalex.org/W1877027058","https://openalex.org/W1923563908","https://openalex.org/W1930021663","https://openalex.org/W1963530630","https://openalex.org/W1963602545","https://openalex.org/W1969115451","https://openalex.org/W1972426635","https://openalex.org/W1973270757","https://openalex.org/W1973527930","https://openalex.org/W1981045787","https://openalex.org/W2006650073","https://openalex.org/W2009275404","https://openalex.org/W2012354455","https://openalex.org/W2033159142","https://openalex.org/W2038870672","https://openalex.org/W2055771279","https://openalex.org/W2095249993","https://openalex.org/W2102254804","https://openalex.org/W2106678075","https://openalex.org/W2132977795","https://openalex.org/W2138149909","https://openalex.org/W2140153041","https://openalex.org/W2140885274","https://openalex.org/W2151586007","https://openalex.org/W2171006361","https://openalex.org/W2247908989","https://openalex.org/W2502896623","https://openalex.org/W2562865472","https://openalex.org/W2576649140","https://openalex.org/W2600900657","https://openalex.org/W2620808410","https://openalex.org/W2765107717","https://openalex.org/W2923750943","https://openalex.org/W3003550074","https://openalex.org/W3112489387","https://openalex.org/W3113919981","https://openalex.org/W3195300707","https://openalex.org/W4238818541","https://openalex.org/W4246620621","https://openalex.org/W4250094988","https://openalex.org/W4286655471","https://openalex.org/W4387801859","https://openalex.org/W4402263881"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Soil":[0],"surfaces":[1],"often":[2],"exhibit":[3],"moisture":[4,35,131],"stratification":[5],"as":[6,13,110,233,235],"a":[7,79,89,198],"result":[8],"of":[9,42,157,201,205,240,249],"natural":[10],"processes":[11],"such":[12],"precipitation":[14],"and":[15,29,63,81,113,150,177,192,228,262,284,297],"vertical":[16],"infiltration,":[17],"which":[18],"is":[19,40,108,119,143,167,253],"however":[20],"commonly":[21],"neglected":[22],"in":[23,52,95,117,215,224,229,289],"traditional":[24],"L-band":[25],"soil":[26,46,61,83,107,139,187,208,216,264,291,294],"scattering":[27,47,84,203,217,222,247],"modeling":[28,54,85],"inversion":[30,298],"works.":[31],"Understanding":[32],"how":[33],"different":[34],"stratifications":[36],"affect":[37],"microwave":[38],"observations":[39],"therefore":[41],"critical":[43],"importance.":[44],"Existing":[45],"simulation":[48],"algorithms":[49],"face":[50],"challenges":[51],"accurately":[53],"layered":[55,130,138,159,207,251,293],"soils,":[56],"especially":[57],"when":[58],"large":[59,103],"lateral":[60,104],"extents":[62],"internal":[64,162],"roughness":[65],"characteristics":[66,259],"within":[67],"the":[68,96,106,146,155,171,178,202,212,220,225,230,236,246,257,270,274],"medium":[69],"are":[70,132,266],"involved.":[71],"To":[72,100],"address":[73],"these":[74],"challenges,":[75],"this":[76],"paper":[77],"introduces":[78],"generalized":[80],"accurate":[82],"method":[86,166,182],"based":[87],"on":[88],"numerical":[90],"solution":[91],"to":[92,134,210],"Maxwell\u2019s":[93],"equations":[94],"volume-integral":[97],"form":[98],"(NMM3D-VIE).":[99],"efficiently":[101],"treat":[102],"domains,":[105],"modeled":[109],"laterally":[111],"periodic,":[112],"an":[114],"effective":[115],"truncation":[116],"depth":[118],"implemented":[120],"through":[121],"half-space":[122],"Green\u2019s":[123],"functions.":[124],"Within":[125],"each":[126],"periodic":[127],"unit,":[128],"inhomogeneous":[129],"constructed":[133],"represent":[135],"realistic":[136,250],"near-surface":[137],"conditions.":[140],"The":[141,164,238],"VIE":[142],"solved":[144],"using":[145],"discrete":[147],"dipole":[148],"approximation,":[149],"its":[151,190],"volumetric":[152],"discretization":[153],"enables":[154],"handling":[156],"arbitrary":[158],"configurations,":[160],"including":[161,219],"roughness.":[163],"proposed":[165,275],"first":[168,271],"compared":[169],"against":[170],"surface":[172],"integral":[173,180],"equation":[174,181],"approach":[175],"(SIE)":[176],"advanced":[179,279],"(AIEM)":[183],"across":[184],"various":[185,206],"single-layer":[186,242,261],"conditions,":[188],"demonstrating":[189],"accuracy":[191],"broad":[193],"applicability.":[194],"Furthermore,":[195],"we":[196],"present":[197],"novel":[199],"investigation":[200],"properties":[204],"structures":[209,265],"emphasize":[211],"layering":[213],"effects":[214],"observations,":[218],"bistatic":[221],"coefficient":[223],"incidence":[226],"plane":[227],"top":[231],"hemisphere,":[232],"well":[234],"emissivity.":[237],"feasibility":[239],"equivalent":[241],"strategies":[243],"for":[244,260,269,286],"representing":[245],"behavior":[248],"soils":[252],"also":[254,267],"investigated.":[255],"Additionally,":[256],"phase":[258],"multi-layer":[263],"investigated":[268],"time,":[272],"with":[273],"full-wave":[276],"approach.":[277],"This":[278],"model":[280],"provides":[281],"theoretical":[282],"support":[283],"guidance":[285],"future":[287],"research":[288],"complex":[290],"scattering,":[292],"approximation":[295],"models,":[296],"methodologies.":[299]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-12-09T00:00:00"}
