{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417169513","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3642116","title":"Integrating Split-Window and Temperature-Emissivity Separation Algorithms for Hourly Land Surface Temperature Retrieval From GOES-16 ABI Data","display_name":"Integrating Split-Window and Temperature-Emissivity Separation Algorithms for Hourly Land Surface Temperature Retrieval From GOES-16 ABI Data","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417169513","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3642116"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3642116","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3642116","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100390307","display_name":"Wenhao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7566-2322"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108914","display_name":"Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrzdp21","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108914","https://openalex.org/I4210127390","https://openalex.org/I4210138501","https://openalex.org/I4210151987"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138501","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/0313jb750","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127390","https://openalex.org/I4210138501","https://openalex.org/I4210151987"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenhao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arable Land in China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China","Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arable Land in China, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arable Land in China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108914","https://openalex.org/I4210138501"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arable Land in China, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108914","https://openalex.org/I4210138501"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055755007","display_name":"Si\u2010Bo Duan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4390-2421"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108914","display_name":"Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrzdp21","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108914","https://openalex.org/I4210127390","https://openalex.org/I4210138501","https://openalex.org/I4210151987"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138501","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/0313jb750","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127390","https://openalex.org/I4210138501","https://openalex.org/I4210151987"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Si-Bo Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arable Land in China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China","Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arable Land in China, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4390-2421","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arable Land in China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108914","https://openalex.org/I4210138501"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arable Land in China, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108914","https://openalex.org/I4210138501"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076004536","display_name":"Xiaoxiao Min","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8309-6520"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108914","display_name":"Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrzdp21","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108914","https://openalex.org/I4210127390","https://openalex.org/I4210138501","https://openalex.org/I4210151987"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138501","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/0313jb750","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127390","https://openalex.org/I4210138501","https://openalex.org/I4210151987"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoxiao Min","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arable Land in China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China","Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arable Land in China, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8309-6520","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arable Land in China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108914","https://openalex.org/I4210138501"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arable Land in China, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108914","https://openalex.org/I4210138501"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109645960","display_name":"Yongjuan Guan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108914","display_name":"Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrzdp21","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108914","https://openalex.org/I4210127390","https://openalex.org/I4210138501","https://openalex.org/I4210151987"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138501","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/0313jb750","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127390","https://openalex.org/I4210138501","https://openalex.org/I4210151987"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongjuan Guan","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arable Land in China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China","Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arable Land in China, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arable Land in China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108914","https://openalex.org/I4210138501"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arable Land in China, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108914","https://openalex.org/I4210138501"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028204712","display_name":"Ran Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0586-5233"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108914","display_name":"Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrzdp21","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108914","https://openalex.org/I4210127390","https://openalex.org/I4210138501","https://openalex.org/I4210151987"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138501","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/0313jb750","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127390","https://openalex.org/I4210138501","https://openalex.org/I4210151987"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ran Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arable Land in China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China","Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arable Land in China, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arable Land in China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108914","https://openalex.org/I4210138501"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arable Land in China, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108914","https://openalex.org/I4210138501"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078276870","display_name":"Ziyao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0955-8265"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181877577","display_name":"Shanxi University","ror":"https://ror.org/03y3e3s17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181877577"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziyao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Environmental and Resource Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China","College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Environmental and Resource Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181877577"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181877577"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.3061799,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.9520999789237976,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.9520999789237976,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11225","display_name":"Geothermal Energy Systems and Applications","score":0.016699999570846558,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10266","display_name":"Plant Water Relations and Carbon Dynamics","score":0.01119999960064888,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiance","display_name":"Radiance","score":0.6647999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emissivity","display_name":"Emissivity","score":0.6603000164031982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-correction","display_name":"Atmospheric correction","score":0.4343999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-vapor","display_name":"Water vapor","score":0.428600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-model","display_name":"Atmospheric model","score":0.3991999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.37310001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.36160001158714294}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23690007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411145","display_name":"Radiance","level":2,"score":0.6647999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163651212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899670","display_name":"Emissivity","level":2,"score":0.6603000164031982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6327999830245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6265000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5450999736785889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778329001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4817104","display_name":"Atmospheric correction","level":3,"score":0.4343999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147534773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190120","display_name":"Water vapor","level":2,"score":0.428600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118365302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4817115","display_name":"Atmospheric model","level":2,"score":0.3991999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.3950999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.37310001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.36160001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87456703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q247760","display_name":"Radiometry","level":2,"score":0.35359999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.34709998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71907059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223323","display_name":"Root mean square","level":2,"score":0.34150001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.33340001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89298926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374640","display_name":"Atmospheric instability","level":3,"score":0.31060001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776799497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484298","display_name":"Surface (topology)","level":2,"score":0.3034000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137800194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11713455","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","level":3,"score":0.296999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72293138","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909741","display_name":"Temperature measurement","level":2,"score":0.2955999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C607359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845339","display_name":"Atmospheric temperature","level":2,"score":0.28679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93361087","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4426698","display_name":"Data consistency","level":2,"score":0.2808000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.27219998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8625798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752112","display_name":"Surface water","level":2,"score":0.25380000472068787}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3642116","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3642116","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967778862","https://openalex.org/W1991969593","https://openalex.org/W1995282508","https://openalex.org/W2026337749","https://openalex.org/W2041094921","https://openalex.org/W2042692910","https://openalex.org/W2044084025","https://openalex.org/W2046278200","https://openalex.org/W2057390839","https://openalex.org/W2082271913","https://openalex.org/W2103541076","https://openalex.org/W2155897273","https://openalex.org/W2169447826","https://openalex.org/W2494302106","https://openalex.org/W2509531951","https://openalex.org/W2598049239","https://openalex.org/W2907470085","https://openalex.org/W2919424886","https://openalex.org/W2944186852","https://openalex.org/W2945225376","https://openalex.org/W2952955815","https://openalex.org/W3007684847","https://openalex.org/W3025949386","https://openalex.org/W3161239242","https://openalex.org/W3173630105","https://openalex.org/W3200190239","https://openalex.org/W3200241116","https://openalex.org/W3201512168","https://openalex.org/W4288420781","https://openalex.org/W4312203760","https://openalex.org/W4324393403","https://openalex.org/W4380537238","https://openalex.org/W4386825350","https://openalex.org/W4387717675","https://openalex.org/W4394744876","https://openalex.org/W4402260065","https://openalex.org/W4407316306"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Land":[0],"surface":[1,12,41],"temperature":[2,227],"(LST)":[3],"serves":[4],"as":[5,46,95],"a":[6,96,156,166,188,210],"critical":[7],"biophysical":[8],"parameter":[9],"characterizing":[10],"global-scale":[11],"energy":[13],"partitioning":[14],"and":[15,22,43,125,134,165,187,209,228],"water":[16,93,230],"exchange":[17],"processes.":[18],"The":[19,144],"Split-Window":[20],"(SW)":[21],"Temperature-Emissivity":[23],"Separation":[24],"(TES)":[25],"methods":[26],"are":[27],"the":[28,51,62,68,73,110,119,127,130,138,151,176,199,216,220],"most":[29],"widely":[30],"used":[31],"LST":[32,76,116,132,146,153,201],"retrieval":[33],"methods,":[34],"but":[35],"they":[36],"rely":[37],"on":[38,104,172],"accurate":[39],"land":[40],"emissivity":[42],"atmospheric":[44,58],"correction":[45,59,97],"prior":[47],"knowledge,":[48],"respectively.":[49],"While":[50],"SW-TES":[52,87,178],"hybrid":[53],"method":[54],"mitigates":[55],"these":[56],"limitations,":[57],"errors":[60],"in":[61,123],"SW":[63],"stage":[64],"can":[65],"accumulate":[66],"into":[67],"TES":[69],"stage,":[70],"thereby":[71],"affecting":[72],"accuracy":[74],"of":[75,162,168,184,190,206,212],"retrieval.":[77],"To":[78],"address":[79],"this":[80,82],"limitation,":[81],"study":[83],"develops":[84],"an":[85,181,204],"improved":[86,111,177],"algorithm":[88,112,179,221],"that":[89],"incorporates":[90],"total":[91],"column":[92],"vapor":[94,231],"factor":[98],"for":[99,118],"surface-leaving":[100],"radiance":[101],"calculations.":[102],"Based":[103,171],"GOES-16":[105,131,152,200],"ABI":[106],"data,":[107],"we":[108],"utilized":[109],"to":[113],"retrieve":[114],"hourly":[115],"estimates":[117],"contiguous":[120],"United":[121],"States":[122],"2020":[124],"validated":[126],"results":[128],"against":[129],"product":[133,202],"ground-based":[135],"measurements":[136],"from":[137],"Surface":[139],"Radiation":[140],"Budget":[141],"Network":[142],"(SURFRAD).":[143],"retrieved":[145],"exhibits":[147],"high":[148,226,229],"consistency":[149],"with":[150],"product,":[154],"demonstrating":[155],"root":[157],"mean":[158],"square":[159],"error":[160],"(RMSE)":[161],"1.48":[163],"K":[164,186,192,208,214],"bias":[167,189,211],"0.90":[169],"K.":[170],"SURFRAD":[173],"ground":[174],"observations,":[175],"achieves":[180],"average":[182],"RMSE":[183,205],"2.27":[185],"0.26":[191],"across":[193],"seven":[194],"validation":[195],"sites.":[196,218],"In":[197],"comparison,":[198],"shows":[203],"2.86":[207],"\u20131.21":[213],"at":[215],"same":[217],"Furthermore,":[219],"maintains":[222],"superior":[223],"stability":[224],"under":[225],"content":[232],"conditions.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-12-19T19:40:27.379048","created_date":"2025-12-09T00:00:00"}
