{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416513592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3636122","title":"M <sup>2</sup> Former: Enhancing Event-Based RT-DETR for Robust and Lightweight Space Object Detection","display_name":"M <sup>2</sup> Former: Enhancing Event-Based RT-DETR for Robust and Lightweight Space Object Detection","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416513592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3636122"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3636122","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3636122","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109780521","display_name":"Ruitao Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1847-8258"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ruitao Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Future Technology, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Future Technology, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035252536","display_name":"Chenxi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3320-7668"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenxi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Aerospace Power System and Plasma Technology, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Aerospace Power System and Plasma Technology, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101877945","display_name":"Bing Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6464-5475"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Future Technology, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Future Technology, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115590724","display_name":"Xinyu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2475-4317"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Future Technology, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Future Technology, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049905007","display_name":"Zhi Zhai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1746-260X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Zhai","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Aerospace Power System and Plasma Technology, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Aerospace Power System and Plasma Technology, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100386983","display_name":"Jinxin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1084-3223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinxin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Aerospace Power System and Plasma Technology, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Aerospace Power System and Plasma Technology, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078993685","display_name":"Naijin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7715-2753"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naijin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100779843","display_name":"Xuefeng Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0130-3172"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuefeng Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Aerospace Power System and Plasma Technology, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Aerospace Power System and Plasma Technology, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109780521"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6973,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77903482,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.3190999925136566,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.3190999925136566,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11701","display_name":"Space Satellite Systems and Control","score":0.20819999277591705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13553","display_name":"Age of Information Optimization","score":0.05139999836683273,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boosting","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","score":0.6448000073432922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.638700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.565500020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spacecraft","display_name":"Spacecraft","score":0.5587999820709229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","score":0.4878999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.3873000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space-environment","display_name":"Space environment","score":0.37599998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space-debris","display_name":"Space debris","score":0.3197999894618988}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7904999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.6448000073432922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.638700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.565500020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29829512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40218","display_name":"Spacecraft","level":2,"score":0.5587999820709229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.4878999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4875999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.45669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.3873000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181762993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7572581","display_name":"Space environment","level":2,"score":0.37599998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18949120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275450","display_name":"Space debris","level":3,"score":0.3197999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.31700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776544517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189447","display_name":"Unexpected events","level":2,"score":0.31040000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3027999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77304879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211485","display_name":"Space technology","level":2,"score":0.28760001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987896495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416716","display_name":"Event data","level":3,"score":0.28679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202474056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931635","display_name":"Video tracking","level":3,"score":0.2856000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125245961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221656","display_name":"Brightness","level":2,"score":0.2842000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104060986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180046","display_name":"Space exploration","level":2,"score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778135862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416719","display_name":"Event monitoring","level":3,"score":0.2808000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2547999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39399123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1348989","display_name":"Earth observation","level":3,"score":0.2540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187107819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835696","display_name":"NASA Deep Space Network","level":3,"score":0.25270000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776481522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40218","display_name":"Orbiter","level":2,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3636122","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3636122","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2000514598","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U22B2013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971092511","https://openalex.org/W2144506857","https://openalex.org/W2222512263","https://openalex.org/W2469278928","https://openalex.org/W2785582094","https://openalex.org/W2796402180","https://openalex.org/W2904275768","https://openalex.org/W2908452498","https://openalex.org/W2928165649","https://openalex.org/W2962766617","https://openalex.org/W2962793481","https://openalex.org/W2962804204","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2967739517","https://openalex.org/W3034552520","https://openalex.org/W3034971973","https://openalex.org/W3043288583","https://openalex.org/W3089381104","https://openalex.org/W3096609285","https://openalex.org/W3159890710","https://openalex.org/W3172087149","https://openalex.org/W3178187403","https://openalex.org/W3188021906","https://openalex.org/W3190166470","https://openalex.org/W3196480172","https://openalex.org/W3202353648","https://openalex.org/W3216633268","https://openalex.org/W4210598935","https://openalex.org/W4225688144","https://openalex.org/W4281385234","https://openalex.org/W4281749192","https://openalex.org/W4285220421","https://openalex.org/W4286909746","https://openalex.org/W4289752563","https://openalex.org/W4311075851","https://openalex.org/W4312094435","https://openalex.org/W4312281374","https://openalex.org/W4312312588","https://openalex.org/W4312820606","https://openalex.org/W4313046728","https://openalex.org/W4315645090","https://openalex.org/W4327652243","https://openalex.org/W4385285879","https://openalex.org/W4386075690","https://openalex.org/W4388145401","https://openalex.org/W4390547575","https://openalex.org/W4390871849","https://openalex.org/W4390873425","https://openalex.org/W4396680692","https://openalex.org/W4398756379","https://openalex.org/W4399121711","https://openalex.org/W4399281709","https://openalex.org/W4401414393","https://openalex.org/W4401416359","https://openalex.org/W4402703046","https://openalex.org/W4402727288","https://openalex.org/W4402727829","https://openalex.org/W4402754006","https://openalex.org/W4404731626","https://openalex.org/W4406208171","https://openalex.org/W4406457945","https://openalex.org/W4409683515","https://openalex.org/W4413147183","https://openalex.org/W4414704753"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"increasing":[1],"human":[2],"space":[3,14,24,78],"activities,":[4],"detecting":[5],"Resident":[6],"Space":[7,100],"Objects":[8],"(RSOs)":[9],"has":[10],"become":[11],"critical":[12],"for":[13,58,136,155,235],"monitoring":[15],"and":[16,31,51,107,174,197,208,219,241],"on-orbit":[17],"missions.":[18],"Traditional":[19],"optical":[20],"sensors":[21,37],"struggle":[22],"in":[23,63],"environments":[25],"due":[26],"to":[27,111,163],"extreme":[28],"illumination":[29],"variations":[30],"motion":[32],"blur.":[33],"Event":[34],"cameras,":[35],"bio-inspired":[36],"that":[38,193,213],"asynchronously":[39],"record":[40],"per-pixel":[41],"brightness":[42],"changes,":[43],"offer":[44],"high":[45],"temporal":[46],"resolution,":[47],"wide":[48],"dynamic":[49],"range,":[50],"low":[52],"power":[53],"consumption,":[54],"making":[55],"them":[56],"promising":[57],"orbital":[59],"sensing":[60,233],"yet":[61],"underexplored":[62],"this":[64,67,116],"context.":[65],"In":[66,184],"work,":[68],"we":[69,88,118,186],"present":[70],"the":[71,83,145,225],"first":[72],"systematic":[73],"study":[74],"of":[75,85,99,227],"spaceborne":[76,236],"event-based":[77],"object":[79,138],"detection.":[80,139,237],"To":[81],"address":[82],"scarcity":[84],"event":[86,109,210,228],"data,":[87],"construct":[89],"a":[90,120,151,231],"large-scale":[91],"dataset":[92],"named":[93],"Event-based":[94],"SPAcecraft":[95],"Recognition":[96],"leveraging":[97],"Knowledge":[98],"Environment":[101],"(E-SPARK)":[102],"by":[103,176],"applying":[104],"affine":[105],"transformations":[106],"advanced":[108],"simulators":[110],"existing":[112],"datasets.":[113],"Building":[114],"on":[115,205],"dataset,":[117,239],"propose":[119],"lightweight":[121],"multi-scale":[122],"MetaFormer":[123],"backbone":[124],"called":[125],"M<sup":[126],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[127],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>Former":[128],"together":[129],"with":[130],"an":[131,188],"area-aware":[132],"loss":[133],"(AAL)":[134],"tailored":[135],"small":[137],"These":[140,222],"components":[141],"are":[142,244],"integrated":[143],"into":[144],"Real-Time":[146],"Detection":[147],"Transformer":[148],"(RT-DETR)":[149],"framework,":[150],"Transformer-based":[152],"detector":[153],"known":[154],"its":[156],"robustness":[157],"but":[158],"higher":[159],"computational":[160],"cost":[161],"compared":[162],"You":[164],"Only":[165],"Look":[166],"Once":[167],"(YOLO)":[168],"models.":[169],"Our":[170],"design":[171,187],"reduces":[172],"parameters":[173],"complexity":[175],"over":[177],"50%":[178],"while":[179],"maintaining":[180],"comparable":[181],"detection":[182,202],"accuracy.":[183],"addition,":[185],"improved":[189],"data":[190,198,211],"augmentation":[191],"strategy":[192],"enriches":[194],"supervision":[195],"density":[196],"diversity,":[199],"further":[200],"boosting":[201],"performance.":[203],"Experiments":[204],"both":[206],"synthetic":[207],"real":[209],"demonstrate":[212],"our":[214],"method":[215],"achieves":[216],"state-of-the-art":[217],"performance":[218],"strong":[220],"generalization.":[221],"results":[223],"highlight":[224],"potential":[226],"cameras":[229],"as":[230],"reliable":[232],"modality":[234],"The":[238],"code,":[240],"supplementary":[242],"materials":[243],"publicly":[245],"available":[246],"at:":[247],"https://iamie-vision.github.io/M2Former/.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-11-23T00:00:00"}
