{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416429289","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3635091","title":"GNSS Precipitable Water Vapor Insights Into Sea Surface Wave Characteristics During Seawater Encroachment: A Case Study in Bohai and Yellow Seas, China","display_name":"GNSS Precipitable Water Vapor Insights Into Sea Surface Wave Characteristics During Seawater Encroachment: A Case Study in Bohai and Yellow Seas, China","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416429289","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3635091"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3635091","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3635091","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xiaoru Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9157-7467"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127658","display_name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/03tk15k72","country_code":"RW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127658"]}],"countries":["RW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoru Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Ocean Technology Center, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9157-7467","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Ocean Technology Center, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127658"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075370592","display_name":"Menghao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7458-238X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I211433327","display_name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/02kxqx159","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114556","display_name":"First Institute of Oceanography","ror":"https://ror.org/01y34t753","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210114556","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Menghao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["First Institute of Oceanography (FIO) and the Key Laboratory of Ocean Geomatics, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Qingdao, China","Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), First Institute of Oceanography (FIO), Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7458-238X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"First Institute of Oceanography (FIO) and the Key Laboratory of Ocean Geomatics, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114556"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), First Institute of Oceanography (FIO), Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210114556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073889344","display_name":"Yanxiong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4746-6479"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I211433327","display_name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/02kxqx159","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114556","display_name":"First Institute of Oceanography","ror":"https://ror.org/01y34t753","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210114556","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanxiong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["First Institute of Oceanography (FIO) and the Key Laboratory of Ocean Geomatics, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Qingdao, China","Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), First Institute of Oceanography (FIO), Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4746-6479","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"First Institute of Oceanography (FIO) and the Key Laboratory of Ocean Geomatics, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114556"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), First Institute of Oceanography (FIO), Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210114556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100355695","display_name":"Yang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7442-5149"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I211433327","display_name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/02kxqx159","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114556","display_name":"First Institute of Oceanography","ror":"https://ror.org/01y34t753","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210114556","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["First Institute of Oceanography (FIO) and the Key Laboratory of Ocean Geomatics, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Qingdao, China","Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), First Institute of Oceanography (FIO), Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7442-5149","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"First Institute of Oceanography (FIO) and the Key Laboratory of Ocean Geomatics, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114556"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), First Institute of Oceanography (FIO), Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210114556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101642463","display_name":"Guanxu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2688-4954"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I211433327","display_name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/02kxqx159","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114556","display_name":"First Institute of Oceanography","ror":"https://ror.org/01y34t753","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210114556","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guanxu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["First Institute of Oceanography (FIO) and the Key Laboratory of Ocean Geomatics, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Qingdao, China","Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), First Institute of Oceanography (FIO), Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"First Institute of Oceanography (FIO) and the Key Laboratory of Ocean Geomatics, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114556"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), First Institute of Oceanography (FIO), Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210114556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062815327","display_name":"Yikai Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3458-5348"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I211433327","display_name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/02kxqx159","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114556","display_name":"First Institute of Oceanography","ror":"https://ror.org/01y34t753","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210114556","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yikai Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["First Institute of Oceanography (FIO) and the Key Laboratory of Ocean Geomatics, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Qingdao, China","Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), First Institute of Oceanography (FIO), Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"First Institute of Oceanography (FIO) and the Key Laboratory of Ocean Geomatics, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114556"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), First Institute of Oceanography (FIO), Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210114556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029130056","display_name":"Senbo Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I211433327","display_name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/02kxqx159","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114556","display_name":"First Institute of Oceanography","ror":"https://ror.org/01y34t753","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210114556","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Senbo Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["First Institute of Oceanography (FIO) and the Key Laboratory of Ocean Geomatics, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Qingdao, China","Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), First Institute of Oceanography (FIO), Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"First Institute of Oceanography (FIO) and the Key Laboratory of Ocean Geomatics, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114556"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), First Institute of Oceanography (FIO), Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210114556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014608800","display_name":"Huayi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7874-8542"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I211433327","display_name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/02kxqx159","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114556","display_name":"First Institute of Oceanography","ror":"https://ror.org/01y34t753","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210114556","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huayi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["First Institute of Oceanography (FIO) and the Key Laboratory of Ocean Geomatics, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Qingdao, China","Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), First Institute of Oceanography (FIO), Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"First Institute of Oceanography (FIO) and the Key Laboratory of Ocean Geomatics, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114556"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), First Institute of Oceanography (FIO), Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210114556"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101749664","display_name":"Dongxu Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2481-9542"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I211433327","display_name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/02kxqx159","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114556","display_name":"First Institute of Oceanography","ror":"https://ror.org/01y34t753","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210114556","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongxu Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["First Institute of Oceanography (FIO) and the Key Laboratory of Ocean Geomatics, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Qingdao, China","Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), First Institute of Oceanography (FIO), Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"First Institute of Oceanography (FIO) and the Key Laboratory of Ocean Geomatics, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114556"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), First Institute of Oceanography (FIO), Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210114556"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.19932248,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.6991999745368958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.6991999745368958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.12189999967813492,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.09769999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precipitable-water","display_name":"Precipitable water","score":0.5925999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.5766000151634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seawater","display_name":"Seawater","score":0.5702999830245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/significant-wave-height","display_name":"Significant wave height","score":0.5212000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-wave","display_name":"Wind wave","score":0.5024999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-surface-temperature","display_name":"Sea surface temperature","score":0.49959999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-vapor","display_name":"Water vapor","score":0.49880000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precipitation","display_name":"Precipitation","score":0.4812000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-speed","display_name":"Wind speed","score":0.4361000061035156}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6532999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156008332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778526","display_name":"Precipitable water","level":3,"score":0.5925999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.5766000151634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197248824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184395","display_name":"Seawater","level":2,"score":0.5702999830245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.5478000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85910571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2674049","display_name":"Significant wave height","level":3,"score":0.5212000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165082838","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165848","display_name":"Wind wave","level":2,"score":0.5024999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134097258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1507383","display_name":"Sea surface temperature","level":2,"score":0.49959999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147534773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190120","display_name":"Water vapor","level":2,"score":0.49880000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107054158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257","display_name":"Precipitation","level":2,"score":0.4812000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.47440001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161067210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1464943","display_name":"Wind speed","level":2,"score":0.4361000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169596890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q661247","display_name":"Breaking wave","level":3,"score":0.4050000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63974104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81242","display_name":"Sea breeze","level":2,"score":0.3517000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70620910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q821563","display_name":"Wave height","level":2,"score":0.35120001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.34459999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84174578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q889796","display_name":"Surface wave","level":2,"score":0.3147999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.31380000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2955999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992620220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q398805","display_name":"China sea","level":2,"score":0.29190000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122523270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34027","display_name":"Latitude","level":2,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177707082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757526","display_name":"Atmospheric wave","level":4,"score":0.27630001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779395273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846837","display_name":"Automatic weather station","level":2,"score":0.27489998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780092901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433612","display_name":"Correlation coefficient","level":2,"score":0.2745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9075549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40631","display_name":"Troposphere","level":2,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65440619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177974","display_name":"Atmosphere (unit)","level":2,"score":0.27239999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142672198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7076157","display_name":"Sea-surface height","level":3,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129513315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179615","display_name":"Salinity","level":2,"score":0.2583000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61441594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132814","display_name":"Evaporation","level":2,"score":0.25619998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140927136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8024055","display_name":"Wind wave model","level":3,"score":0.2549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37054046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641888","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","level":2,"score":0.25380000472068787}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3635091","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3635091","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1438939949","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2025Q10","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329833","funder_display_name":"Basic Scientific Fund for National Public Research Institutes of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G243174819","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2025QC360","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G268279146","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024A01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330303","funder_display_name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Corrosion Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4257813016","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2023QD179","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4873919385","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024YFB3909705","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5873642371","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022S03","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329833","funder_display_name":"Basic Scientific Fund for National Public Research Institutes of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5991560525","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024B02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330303","funder_display_name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Corrosion Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6534939036","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024YFB3909700","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329833","display_name":"Basic Scientific Fund for National Public Research Institutes of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330303","display_name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Corrosion Science","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1535176033","https://openalex.org/W1536147616","https://openalex.org/W1607909567","https://openalex.org/W2020366617","https://openalex.org/W2029333096","https://openalex.org/W2107946146","https://openalex.org/W2112306707","https://openalex.org/W2113760121","https://openalex.org/W2126407467","https://openalex.org/W2154217174","https://openalex.org/W2163597412","https://openalex.org/W2586804213","https://openalex.org/W2755346628","https://openalex.org/W2756426039","https://openalex.org/W2810451683","https://openalex.org/W2943575527","https://openalex.org/W2949773513","https://openalex.org/W2955413675","https://openalex.org/W2958524612","https://openalex.org/W3046274332","https://openalex.org/W3089575995","https://openalex.org/W3111251386","https://openalex.org/W3112600846","https://openalex.org/W3124348040","https://openalex.org/W3167548511","https://openalex.org/W4210654497","https://openalex.org/W4226050423","https://openalex.org/W4283818935","https://openalex.org/W4294733366","https://openalex.org/W4295774630","https://openalex.org/W4308206412","https://openalex.org/W4319300458","https://openalex.org/W4367844028","https://openalex.org/W4384299714","https://openalex.org/W4385494467","https://openalex.org/W4386056290","https://openalex.org/W4401291079","https://openalex.org/W4401484363","https://openalex.org/W4410049759"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Based":[0],"on":[1],"Precipitable":[2],"Water":[3],"Vapor":[4],"(PWV)":[5],"obtained":[6],"from":[7,92],"five":[8],"coastal":[9,235],"Global":[10],"Navigation":[11],"Satellite":[12],"System":[13],"(GNSS)":[14],"stations,":[15],"this":[16,221],"study":[17,229],"investigates":[18],"the":[19,34,47,79,112,120,177,192,207,228],"characteristics":[20,131],"and":[21,27,36,53,71,138,161,169,184,196,234],"interrelationships":[22],"of":[23,39,68,75,147,210,230],"sea":[24,128],"surface":[25,129],"waves":[26,149,171],"atmospheric":[28],"parameters":[29],"during":[30],"seawater":[31,80],"encroachment":[32],"in":[33,41,85,201,206],"Bohai":[35,121],"Yellow":[37,113],"Seas":[38],"China":[40],"mid-October":[42],"2024.":[43],"Results":[44],"indicate":[45],"that":[46],"correlation":[48],"coefficient":[49],"between":[50,159],"GNSS":[51,216],"PWV":[52,55,86,106,160,165,211,217],"ERA5":[54],"data":[56],"is":[57],"0.97":[58],"(<italic":[59],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[60],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">p</i>":[61],"<":[62],"0.01),":[63],"with":[64,89,111,164,218],"a":[65,72,198,224],"mean":[66,194],"bias":[67],"-3.28":[69],"mm":[70],"standard":[73],"deviation":[74],"2.70":[76],"mm.":[77],"During":[78],"encroachment,":[81],"three":[82],"notable":[83],"increases":[84],"were":[87,132,212],"observed,":[88],"peaks":[90],"ranging":[91],"30":[93],"to":[94],"55":[95],"mm,":[96],"all":[97],"accompanied":[98],"by":[99,134,172],"precipitation":[100],"(less":[101],"than":[102,119],"10":[103],"mm).":[104],"The":[105,151],"change":[107],"rates":[108],"varied":[109],"spatially,":[110],"Sea":[114,122],"coast":[115],"experiencing":[116],"faster":[117],"changes":[118],"coast.":[123],"Under":[124],"strong":[125],"wind":[126],"conditions,":[127],"wave":[130,136,140,162,219],"manifested":[133],"increased":[135,144],"heights":[137],"longer":[139],"periods,":[141],"alongside":[142],"an":[143,156],"whitecap":[145],"coverage":[146],"breaking":[148,168],"(3%\u20135%).":[150],"temporal":[152],"variation":[153],"curves":[154],"reveal":[155],"inverse":[157],"relationship":[158],"variables,":[163,220],"lagging":[166],"both":[167],"non-breaking":[170],"approximately":[173],"3\u201312":[174],"h.":[175],"Meanwhile,":[176],"process":[178],"involves":[179],"enhanced":[180],"water":[181],"vapor":[182],"evaporation":[183],"intensified":[185],"air-sea":[186,231],"heat":[187],"exchange.":[188],"These":[189],"factors":[190],"affected":[191],"weighted":[193],"temperature":[195],"caused":[197],"continuous":[199],"decrease":[200],"PWV.":[202],"Consequently,":[203],"zonal":[204],"differences":[205],"spatial":[208],"distribution":[209],"observed.":[213],"By":[214],"linking":[215],"research":[222],"introduces":[223],"novel":[225],"insight":[226],"for":[227],"interaction":[232],"processes":[233],"hazard":[236],"monitoring":[237],"under":[238],"extreme":[239],"weather":[240],"events.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-11-20T00:00:00"}