{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416366630","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3634574","title":"Single-Reflection Multipath Effect of GNSS Wall Reflections and Its Interference Validation","display_name":"Single-Reflection Multipath Effect of GNSS Wall Reflections and Its Interference Validation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416366630","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3634574"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3634574","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3634574","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xiangyu Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4113-6045"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiangyu Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051695508","display_name":"Xinzhe Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3684-0824"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinzhe Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hubei Luojia Laboratory, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Luojia Laboratory, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072289333","display_name":"Yibin Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7723-4601"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yibin Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103146375","display_name":"Huanhuan Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanke Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064628812","display_name":"Yinzhi Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6745-1768"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinzhi Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115604656","display_name":"Liang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3062-6867"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hubei Luojia Laboratory, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Luojia Laboratory, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.32037976,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.3853999972343445,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.3853999972343445,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.36559998989105225,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.08590000122785568,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.8162999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-propagation","display_name":"Multipath propagation","score":0.7556999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflectometry","display_name":"Reflectometry","score":0.7013999819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-interference","display_name":"Multipath interference","score":0.5674999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.5371000170707703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interferometry","display_name":"Interferometry","score":0.5212000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.4830999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.4196000099182129}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.8162999749183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161218011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11827794","display_name":"Multipath propagation","level":3,"score":0.7556999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778925768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454718","display_name":"Reflectometry","level":3,"score":0.7013999819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6887000203132629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174749922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11827794","display_name":"Multipath interference","level":4,"score":0.5674999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.5371000170707703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166689943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850283","display_name":"Interferometry","level":2,"score":0.5212000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.4830999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.4196000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.3959999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135339813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2835","display_name":"Retroreflector","level":3,"score":0.3723999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.3601999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3521000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65682993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056451","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.35040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102451475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486250","display_name":"GLONASS","level":4,"score":0.328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117818321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1249999","display_name":"Corner reflector","level":2,"score":0.32330000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778415886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1823435","display_name":"Reflector (photography)","level":3,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118381688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1079524","display_name":"Specular reflection","level":2,"score":0.272599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.26989999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36301306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179435","display_name":"Satellite navigation","level":3,"score":0.26809999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.25690001249313354}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3634574","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3634574","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6559891823","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42504046","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8488761450","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFB3903902","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W799363603","https://openalex.org/W2004258525","https://openalex.org/W2004381150","https://openalex.org/W2013798594","https://openalex.org/W2019523159","https://openalex.org/W2036867582","https://openalex.org/W2067845784","https://openalex.org/W2072541100","https://openalex.org/W2111730379","https://openalex.org/W2133906924","https://openalex.org/W2566986569","https://openalex.org/W2572572557","https://openalex.org/W2583298792","https://openalex.org/W2765305061","https://openalex.org/W2793716893","https://openalex.org/W2904557485","https://openalex.org/W2918973547","https://openalex.org/W2951285277","https://openalex.org/W2984734487","https://openalex.org/W2999063329","https://openalex.org/W3010583922","https://openalex.org/W3038334450","https://openalex.org/W3046866375","https://openalex.org/W3108828729","https://openalex.org/W3111809440","https://openalex.org/W3139920757","https://openalex.org/W3164058559","https://openalex.org/W3216904544","https://openalex.org/W4292470330","https://openalex.org/W4293716500","https://openalex.org/W4296121363","https://openalex.org/W4306291866","https://openalex.org/W4308117757","https://openalex.org/W4310540732","https://openalex.org/W4312442249","https://openalex.org/W4385491676","https://openalex.org/W4386202658","https://openalex.org/W4388654058","https://openalex.org/W4388792698","https://openalex.org/W4391770602","https://openalex.org/W4398141528","https://openalex.org/W4398170531","https://openalex.org/W4401052761","https://openalex.org/W4402144842","https://openalex.org/W4405746908"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,88],"urban":[1,181,195],"canyon":[2],"environments,":[3],"the":[4,28,38,41,90,97,118,123,127,134,150,172],"positioning":[5],"performance":[6],"of":[7,31,43,99,133,176],"Global":[8],"Navigation":[9],"Satellite":[10],"Systems":[11],"(GNSS)":[12],"often":[13],"degrades":[14],"significantly":[15],"due":[16],"to":[17],"multipath":[18,22,178,200],"effects.":[19],"However,":[20],"these":[21,63],"signals":[23,179],"also":[24,184],"carry":[25],"information":[26],"about":[27],"geometric":[29,131],"characteristics":[30],"surrounding":[32],"reflectors.":[33],"This":[34,167],"study":[35,168],"reports,":[36],"for":[37,112,194],"first":[39],"time,":[40],"detection":[42],"systematic":[44],"interference":[45,68,91],"patterns":[46,64],"in":[47,180],"GNSS":[48,84,199],"signal-to-noise":[49],"ratio":[50],"(SNR)":[51],"data":[52],"caused":[53],"by":[54,103],"reflections":[55],"from":[56,66,70],"building":[57],"vertical":[58],"facades.":[59],"Analysis":[60],"suggests":[61],"that":[62],"originate":[65],"coherent":[67],"effects":[69],"single-bounce":[71,177],"reflections.":[72],"We":[73],"verified":[74],"this":[75,93],"phenomenon":[76],"and":[77,122,137,154,174,189],"accurately":[78],"extracted":[79],"its":[80],"spectral":[81],"features":[82],"using":[83,142,198],"Interferometric":[85],"Reflectometry":[86],"(GNSS-IR).":[87],"developing":[89],"model,":[92],"research":[94],"breaks":[95],"through":[96],"limitations":[98],"conventional":[100],"ground-reflection":[101],"models":[102],"proposing":[104],"a":[105,186],"generalized":[106],"three-dimensional":[107],"phase":[108],"difference":[109],"model":[110,128,188],"suitable":[111],"arbitrary":[113],"reflecting":[114],"surfaces.":[115],"By":[116],"integrating":[117],"satellite":[119],"line-of-sight":[120],"vector":[121],"wall":[124],"normal":[125],"vector,":[126],"achieves":[129],"precise":[130],"characterization":[132],"incidence":[135],"angle":[136],"reflection":[138],"path.":[139],"Comparative":[140],"experiments":[141],"high-precision":[143],"laser":[144],"rangefinders":[145],"demonstrate":[146],"strong":[147],"agreement":[148],"between":[149],"inverted":[151],"reflector":[152],"distances":[153],"ground":[155],"truth,":[156],"achieving":[157],"centimeter-level":[158],"accuracy":[159],"(RMSE:":[160],"0.03\u20130.05":[161],"m)":[162],"under":[163],"smooth":[164],"facade":[165],"conditions.":[166],"not":[169],"only":[170],"confirms":[171],"existence":[173],"detectability":[175],"canyons":[182],"but":[183],"provides":[185],"physical":[187],"interpretation,":[190],"opening":[191],"new":[192],"avenues":[193],"environment":[196],"sensing":[197],"signals.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-11-19T00:00:00"}