{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416078264","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3631324","title":"Leveraging Envelope Data in cGAN for Robust GPR Inversion","display_name":"Leveraging Envelope Data in cGAN for Robust GPR Inversion","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416078264","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3631324"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3631324","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3631324","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040648460","display_name":"Meijia Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56934997","display_name":"Changsha University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03yph8055","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Meijia Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Special Environment Road Engineering of Hunan Province, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China","School of Civil Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Special Environment Road Engineering of Hunan Province, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56934997","https://openalex.org/I16609230"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023440949","display_name":"Yonghao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5894-5099"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yonghao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automation, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Technology and Systems, Easysignal Group and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","Department of Automation, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Technology and Systems, EasySignal Group, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automation, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Technology and Systems, Easysignal Group and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automation, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Technology and Systems, EasySignal Group, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102791057","display_name":"Yanqi Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1587-7537"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161462","display_name":"Heilongjiang Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05x0m9n95","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161462"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanqi Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Center of Geophysics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China","Department of Mathematics and Center of Geophysics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Haerbin, Heilongjiang, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Center of Geophysics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161462","https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Center of Geophysics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Haerbin, Heilongjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161462","https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005612823","display_name":"Ling Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ling Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth Science and Geological Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China","School of Earth Science and Geological Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Xiangzhou District, Zhuhai City, Guangdong Province, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Science and Geological Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Science and Geological Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Xiangzhou District, Zhuhai City, Guangdong Province, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101871701","display_name":"Zhuo Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9707-8688"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56934997","display_name":"Changsha University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03yph8055","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhuo Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Special Environment Road Engineering of Hunan Province, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China","School of Civil Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Special Environment Road Engineering of Hunan Province, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56934997","https://openalex.org/I16609230"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040648460"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230","https://openalex.org/I56934997"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0953,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82329348,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.0024999999441206455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10572","display_name":"Geophysical and Geoelectrical Methods","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inversion","display_name":"Inversion (geology)","score":0.7265999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5659000277519226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-penetrating-radar","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","score":0.5249000191688538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5223000049591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-data","display_name":"Synthetic data","score":0.511900007724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.40630000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.3366999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplitude","display_name":"Amplitude","score":0.31189998984336853}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1893757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3653001","display_name":"Inversion (geology)","level":3,"score":0.7265999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6001999974250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5659000277519226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71813955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503560","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","level":3,"score":0.5249000191688538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5223000049591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160920958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7662746","display_name":"Synthetic data","level":2,"score":0.511900007724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4934999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.40630000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3792000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3580999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.3366999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.31189998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3010999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.28859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.28380000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.27129998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143606050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1377019","display_name":"Inverse transform sampling","level":3,"score":0.2700999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.2563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97256817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462316","display_name":"Spurious relationship","level":2,"score":0.25529998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135252773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1567213","display_name":"Inverse problem","level":2,"score":0.251800000667572}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3631324","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3631324","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2041701865","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52309124","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G25119522","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024JJ6036","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4690922249","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42441831","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G537783299","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2025JJ50186","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W40619706","https://openalex.org/W1580389772","https://openalex.org/W1980601972","https://openalex.org/W2075377675","https://openalex.org/W2093752995","https://openalex.org/W2146483145","https://openalex.org/W2151141851","https://openalex.org/W2152612388","https://openalex.org/W2893824312","https://openalex.org/W2894284924","https://openalex.org/W2913272993","https://openalex.org/W2950711685","https://openalex.org/W2966278466","https://openalex.org/W3000422124","https://openalex.org/W3005034513","https://openalex.org/W3015272384","https://openalex.org/W3023742084","https://openalex.org/W3033137211","https://openalex.org/W3102936402","https://openalex.org/W3181037324","https://openalex.org/W3186219247","https://openalex.org/W3199681021","https://openalex.org/W3206546636","https://openalex.org/W4206482501","https://openalex.org/W4211082370","https://openalex.org/W4280533765","https://openalex.org/W4312141855","https://openalex.org/W4312191466","https://openalex.org/W4319777829","https://openalex.org/W4320013936","https://openalex.org/W4322731011","https://openalex.org/W4376456507","https://openalex.org/W4376466968","https://openalex.org/W4389040931","https://openalex.org/W4392114399","https://openalex.org/W4392405501","https://openalex.org/W4393177064","https://openalex.org/W4394586105","https://openalex.org/W4400235004","https://openalex.org/W4400579363","https://openalex.org/W4402945227","https://openalex.org/W4403060867","https://openalex.org/W4405270187"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Although":[0],"deep":[1],"learning":[2],"techniques":[3],"for":[4,84],"Ground":[5],"Penetrating":[6],"Radar":[7],"(GPR)":[8],"inversion":[9,35,58,67,113,150,192,200],"offer":[10],"significant":[11],"advantages,":[12],"such":[13],"as":[14,81],"high":[15,189,199],"accuracy":[16,201],"and":[17,28,53,88,128,179,194,202,210],"computational":[18],"efficiency,":[19],"they":[20],"still":[21],"face":[22],"challenges":[23],"related":[24],"to":[25,95,139,143],"limited":[26],"robustness":[27,110],"generalization.":[29],"Using":[30],"envelope":[31,78],"radar":[32,79],"data":[33,43,80,160],"in":[34],"helps":[36],"mitigate":[37],"some":[38],"of":[39,50,123,152,168],"these":[40],"issues.":[41],"This":[42],"emphasizes":[44],"amplitude":[45],"characteristics,":[46],"reducing":[47],"the":[48,57,86,97,102,116,137,144,149],"impact":[49],"high-frequency":[51],"noise":[52,177],"phase-related":[54],"problems":[55],"on":[56,70],"results.":[59],"In":[60],"this":[61],"paper,":[62],"we":[63,119,156],"propose":[64],"a":[65,71,121,162,172,180],"GPR":[66],"method":[68,206],"based":[69],"conditional":[72,82],"generative":[73],"adversarial":[74,103],"network":[75],"(cGAN),":[76],"incorporating":[77],"input":[83],"both":[85],"generator":[87,138],"discriminator.":[89],"We":[90],"also":[91],"use":[92],"double":[93],"normalization":[94],"adjust":[96],"discriminator\u2019s":[98],"convergence":[99],"speed,":[100],"ensuring":[101],"relationship":[104],"is":[105],"maintained,":[106],"which":[107],"enhances":[108],"model":[109],"without":[111],"sacrificing":[112],"accuracy.":[114],"For":[115],"loss":[117],"function,":[118],"introduce":[120],"hybrid":[122],"Mean":[124],"Squared":[125],"Error":[126],"(MSE)":[127],"Multi-Scale":[129],"Structural":[130],"Similarity":[131],"Index":[132],"Measure":[133],"(MS-SSIM)":[134],"loss,":[135],"guiding":[136],"produce":[140],"results":[141],"closer":[142],"true":[145],"model.":[146],"To":[147],"evaluate":[148],"performance":[151,209],"our":[153,205],"proposed":[154],"method,":[155],"designed":[157],"three":[158],"synthetic":[159],"experiments:":[161],"comparison":[163,173,181],"experiments":[164,174,182],"with":[165,175,183,213],"varying":[166,184],"degrees":[167],"low-frequency":[169],"component":[170],"depletion,":[171],"different":[176],"levels":[178],"central":[185],"frequencies.":[186],"Results":[187],"show":[188],"resolution,":[190],"clear":[191],"boundaries,":[193],"well-defined":[195],"anomalous":[196],"structures,":[197],"demonstrating":[198],"robustness.":[203],"Furthermore,":[204],"shows":[207],"superior":[208],"practical":[211],"value":[212],"real-world":[214],"data.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-11-10T00:00:00"}