{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415180033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3620116","title":"New Perspective on Using Observational Uncertainty to Improve Reliability of NO <i> <sub>x</sub> </i> Emissions Over Northern China","display_name":"New Perspective on Using Observational Uncertainty to Improve Reliability of NO <i> <sub>x</sub> </i> Emissions Over Northern China","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415180033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3620116"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3620116","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3620116","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035379660","display_name":"Lingxiao Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3839-9083"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lingxiao Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043811836","display_name":"Jason Blake Cohen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9889-8175"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason Blake Cohen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environment and Spatial Informatics and Shanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Remote Sensing Applications, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China","School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environment and Spatial Informatics and Shanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Remote Sensing Applications, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015491837","display_name":"Kai Qin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1280-6330"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environment and Spatial Informatics and Shanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Remote Sensing Applications, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China","School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environment and Spatial Informatics and Shanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Remote Sensing Applications, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061509876","display_name":"Pravash Tiwari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4770-4526"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pravash Tiwari","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074000016","display_name":"Wei Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051038579","display_name":"Hongrui Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8470-7723"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongrui Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101743317","display_name":"Bo Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8576-1367"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035379660"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6843,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90456893,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"15"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.833899974822998,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.833899974822998,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10075","display_name":"Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols","score":0.7311000227928162,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.5185999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.5076000094413757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.5016999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.44369998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.4088999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-variability","display_name":"Spatial variability","score":0.38760000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-modeling","display_name":"Data modeling","score":0.36579999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greenhouse-gas","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","score":0.3634999990463257}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5185999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5178999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.5076000094413757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.5016999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.47049999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.44369998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.4088999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94747663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574086","display_name":"Spatial variability","level":2,"score":0.38760000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3846000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.36579999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.3634999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3537999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23131810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q818574","display_name":"Observational study","level":2,"score":0.3481000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118365302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4817115","display_name":"Atmospheric model","level":2,"score":0.31679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161067210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1464943","display_name":"Wind speed","level":2,"score":0.3093999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.29499998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.28290000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177803969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29205","display_name":"Uncertainty analysis","level":2,"score":0.2802000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78600449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302","display_name":"Wind power","level":2,"score":0.2565999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80368990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3046459","display_name":"Earth system science","level":2,"score":0.2556999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.2524999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.25200000405311584}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3620116","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3620116","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":116,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W632895101","https://openalex.org/W1553669260","https://openalex.org/W1907369419","https://openalex.org/W1910968450","https://openalex.org/W1961746242","https://openalex.org/W1968609162","https://openalex.org/W1971991115","https://openalex.org/W1984176657","https://openalex.org/W1994274844","https://openalex.org/W2005896162","https://openalex.org/W2009134306","https://openalex.org/W2011438069","https://openalex.org/W2026629099","https://openalex.org/W2027404493","https://openalex.org/W2033342466","https://openalex.org/W2048420811","https://openalex.org/W2048609183","https://openalex.org/W2051833014","https://openalex.org/W2053450084","https://openalex.org/W2059799039","https://openalex.org/W2067550360","https://openalex.org/W2067853903","https://openalex.org/W2082540121","https://openalex.org/W2086402093","https://openalex.org/W2099898878","https://openalex.org/W2102176041","https://openalex.org/W2103001772","https://openalex.org/W2104474523","https://openalex.org/W2107804887","https://openalex.org/W2115147528","https://openalex.org/W2115410202","https://openalex.org/W2115710759","https://openalex.org/W2115775664","https://openalex.org/W2120605744","https://openalex.org/W2129706680","https://openalex.org/W2134013743","https://openalex.org/W2137248833","https://openalex.org/W2138756490","https://openalex.org/W2144898896","https://openalex.org/W2147331530","https://openalex.org/W2148999460","https://openalex.org/W2163341548","https://openalex.org/W2164501544","https://openalex.org/W2254445991","https://openalex.org/W2280392924","https://openalex.org/W2319805781","https://openalex.org/W2343017861","https://openalex.org/W2489971187","https://openalex.org/W2511997790","https://openalex.org/W2568707767","https://openalex.org/W2588376164","https://openalex.org/W2605478487","https://openalex.org/W2786512213","https://openalex.org/W2793325218","https://openalex.org/W2867719931","https://openalex.org/W2883200891","https://openalex.org/W2884428727","https://openalex.org/W2885047023","https://openalex.org/W2894294219","https://openalex.org/W2910620504","https://openalex.org/W2917309762","https://openalex.org/W2969758626","https://openalex.org/W2984070964","https://openalex.org/W2989504300","https://openalex.org/W2995883393","https://openalex.org/W3003799124","https://openalex.org/W3006133138","https://openalex.org/W3020517451","https://openalex.org/W3021980696","https://openalex.org/W3025949386","https://openalex.org/W3033069661","https://openalex.org/W3041570623","https://openalex.org/W3042540220","https://openalex.org/W3046043599","https://openalex.org/W3111196312","https://openalex.org/W3116658837","https://openalex.org/W3118787234","https://openalex.org/W3127862808","https://openalex.org/W3157791250","https://openalex.org/W3161468288","https://openalex.org/W3169947562","https://openalex.org/W3180983654","https://openalex.org/W3217018072","https://openalex.org/W4205603735","https://openalex.org/W4206367135","https://openalex.org/W4220652483","https://openalex.org/W4220682616","https://openalex.org/W4220768161","https://openalex.org/W4225519438","https://openalex.org/W4281382682","https://openalex.org/W4284975188","https://openalex.org/W4293115709","https://openalex.org/W4295337285","https://openalex.org/W4300129849","https://openalex.org/W4312062173","https://openalex.org/W4312223978","https://openalex.org/W4316039114","https://openalex.org/W4317254691","https://openalex.org/W4379016398","https://openalex.org/W4384997451","https://openalex.org/W4385960531","https://openalex.org/W4388791124","https://openalex.org/W4388800951","https://openalex.org/W4391867361","https://openalex.org/W4396873180","https://openalex.org/W4399546304","https://openalex.org/W4399906401","https://openalex.org/W4400363606","https://openalex.org/W4400452825","https://openalex.org/W4406613749","https://openalex.org/W4407390688","https://openalex.org/W4407824520","https://openalex.org/W4408142269","https://openalex.org/W4409334851","https://openalex.org/W4410192970","https://openalex.org/W4411200670"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Traditional":[0],"approaches":[1,122],"for":[2],"deriving":[3],"NO<sub":[4,13,44,71,82,242],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[5,14,28,45,72,83,243],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">x</sub>":[6,73,244],"emissions":[7,41,52,74,109],"from":[8,177],"satellite":[9],"observations":[10],"assume":[11],"observed":[12,80],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sub>":[15,29,84],"column":[16],"loadings":[17],"are":[18,36,104,145,252],"certain,":[19],"and":[20,25,47,51,63,69,88,92,110,182,194,211,217,230,238,248],"apply":[21],"either":[22],"a":[23,61,96,190,223],"fixed":[24],"smooth":[26],"wind/NO<sub":[27],"gradient,":[30],"or":[31],"complex":[32],"modeling":[33],"systems":[34],"which":[35],"inflexible":[37],"to":[38,66,106,124,157,188,226],"changes":[39],"in":[40,78,136],"of":[42,102,112,116,129,149,152,168,197,207,241],"NO,":[43],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sub>,":[46],"other":[48],"co-emitted":[49],"substances":[50],"variability":[53],"at":[54],"high":[55],"spatial/temporal":[56],"resolution.":[57],"This":[58],"analysis":[59],"leverages":[60],"mass-conserving":[62],"flexible":[64],"system":[65],"compute":[67],"daily":[68],"grid-based":[70],"explicitly":[75],"considering":[76],"uncertainties":[77,200],"the":[79,146,150,161,165,169,198,205,215,236],"TROPOMI":[81,99],"columns,":[85],"wind":[86,154],"divergence,":[87],"first-order":[89],"chemical,":[90,180],"physical,":[91,181],"thermodynamic":[93,183],"processes.":[94],"Considering":[95],"conservative":[97],"10%":[98],"uncertainty,":[100],"84%":[101],"grids":[103,113],"revealed":[105],"have":[107,114],"robust":[108,195],"48%":[111],"12-months":[115],"data":[117,130],"per":[118,131],"year,":[119],"while":[120],"community-standard":[121],"fail":[123],"retrieve":[125],"more":[126,191,246],"than":[127],"6-months":[128],"year":[132],"on":[133],"any":[134],"grid":[135],"Northern":[137],"China.":[138],"The":[139],"major":[140],"factors":[141,159],"behind":[142],"these":[143],"differences":[144],"improved":[147],"computation":[148],"effects":[151],"natural":[153],"variation":[155],"due":[156],"geophysical":[158],"with":[160,204],"dual-gradient":[162],"term,":[163],"handling":[164],"strong":[166],"non-linearity":[167],"spatial":[170,239],"gradient":[171],"operator,":[172],"as":[173,175],"well":[174],"buffering":[176],"first":[178],"order":[179],"terms.":[184],"These":[185],"findings":[186],"aim":[187],"offer":[189],"precise,":[192],"accurate,":[193],"assessment":[196],"observational":[199],"involved.":[201],"In":[202],"accordance":[203],"principles":[206],"MVR":[208],"(Monitor,":[209],"Verify,":[210],"Report)":[212],"mandated":[213],"by":[214],"US":[216],"China":[218],"EPAs,":[219],"this":[220],"study":[221],"proposes":[222],"new":[224],"approach":[225],"enhance":[227],"both":[228],"monitoring":[229],"verification":[231],"techniques.":[232],"By":[233],"accurately":[234],"identifying":[235],"temporal":[237],"occurrence":[240],"emissions,":[245],"effective":[247],"trustworthy":[249],"mitigation":[250],"strategies":[251],"supported.":[253]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-09T08:58:05.943551","created_date":"2025-10-15T00:00:00"}