{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7081956004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3609573","title":"Deep-Learning-Based Object Detection and Tracking of Debris Flows in 3-D Through LiDAR-Camera Fusion","display_name":"Deep-Learning-Based Object Detection and Tracking of Debris Flows in 3-D Through LiDAR-Camera Fusion","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7081956004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3609573"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3609573","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3609573","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3609573","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jacob Hirschberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0348-7921"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacob Hirschberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Geology, ETH Zurich, Z&#x00FC;rich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0348-7921","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Geology, ETH Zurich, Z&#x00FC;rich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Valentin Tertius Bickel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7914-2516"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118564535","display_name":"University of Bern","ror":"https://ror.org/02k7v4d05","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118564535"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Valentin Tertius Bickel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7914-2516","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118564535"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jordan Aaron","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jordan Aaron","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Geology, ETH Zurich, Z&#x00FC;rich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Geology, ETH Zurich, Z&#x00FC;rich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.3114,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9844623,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12157","display_name":"Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping","score":0.7077000141143799,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12157","display_name":"Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping","score":0.7077000141143799,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13067","display_name":"Geological Modeling and Analysis","score":0.028200000524520874,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1906","display_name":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10271","display_name":"Seismic Imaging and Inversion Techniques","score":0.01549999974668026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.6633999943733215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.6121000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.6082000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.6011000275611877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.4968000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.49050000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4731999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-resolution","display_name":"Image resolution","score":0.3837999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.3684999942779541}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6732000112533569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.6633999943733215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.6121000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.6082000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.6011000275611877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5903000235557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5527999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.520799994468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.4968000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.49050000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4731999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.3837999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.3684999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.3625999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.35740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49261128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132455","display_name":"Hazard","level":2,"score":0.3325999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203595873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25389927","display_name":"Change detection","level":2,"score":0.3109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.3068000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.3059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.30379998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776023875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637703","display_name":"Debris","level":2,"score":0.28949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.289000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11476","display_name":"Kinematics","level":2,"score":0.28290000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2718000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93103318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980965","display_name":"Real Time Kinematic","level":4,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119666444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5977280","display_name":"Temporal resolution","level":2,"score":0.2630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776643431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1817963","display_name":"Debris flow","level":3,"score":0.25369998812675476}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3609573","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3609573","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dora:wsl_41625","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401379","display_name":"DORA WSL (Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800262456","host_organization_name":"Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800262456"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3609573","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3609573","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.8448766469955444,"display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5586456026","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"948139","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320924","funder_display_name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320924","display_name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/00yjd3n13"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1513641610","https://openalex.org/W1599517235","https://openalex.org/W1616811346","https://openalex.org/W1894964368","https://openalex.org/W1966133548","https://openalex.org/W1982054112","https://openalex.org/W1998743274","https://openalex.org/W2024556731","https://openalex.org/W2025691544","https://openalex.org/W2028870122","https://openalex.org/W2044302809","https://openalex.org/W2051896092","https://openalex.org/W2089264521","https://openalex.org/W2089314377","https://openalex.org/W2097033979","https://openalex.org/W2101190855","https://openalex.org/W2105918836","https://openalex.org/W2125945977","https://openalex.org/W2127012547","https://openalex.org/W2146721060","https://openalex.org/W2151575297","https://openalex.org/W2164481395","https://openalex.org/W2252355370","https://openalex.org/W2337753723","https://openalex.org/W2616938422","https://openalex.org/W2802534752","https://openalex.org/W2909816247","https://openalex.org/W2911726764","https://openalex.org/W2980040548","https://openalex.org/W2981386717","https://openalex.org/W3007261924","https://openalex.org/W3033705635","https://openalex.org/W3117782667","https://openalex.org/W3201209654","https://openalex.org/W3207353876","https://openalex.org/W3215032754","https://openalex.org/W4241486889","https://openalex.org/W4285729790","https://openalex.org/W4308238071","https://openalex.org/W4309845349","https://openalex.org/W4323667990","https://openalex.org/W4385451726","https://openalex.org/W4386154651","https://openalex.org/W4387912977","https://openalex.org/W4389862568","https://openalex.org/W4390045874","https://openalex.org/W4390582721","https://openalex.org/W4392650824","https://openalex.org/W4393390477","https://openalex.org/W4393390491","https://openalex.org/W4394576264","https://openalex.org/W4404344060","https://openalex.org/W4404539755","https://openalex.org/W4412470349"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Debris":[0],"flows":[1],"are":[2,9],"mixtures":[3],"of":[4,30,77,100,127,219],"water":[5],"and":[6,8,24,38,68,75,90,114,129,134,155,203,239],"sediments":[7],"a":[10,180,209,217,225],"significant":[11],"natural":[12],"hazard":[13,237],"in":[14,43,56,228],"mountainous":[15],"regions.":[16],"A":[17],"novel":[18],"monitoring":[19,71],"approach":[20],"combining":[21],"LiDAR":[22,121],"sensors":[23],"video":[25],"cameras":[26],"enables":[27],"detailed":[28],"observations":[29],"debris-flow":[31,62,79,103,230,243],"dynamics,":[32],"achieving":[33],"high":[34],"spatial":[35],"(<2":[36],"cm)":[37],"temporal":[39],"(10":[40],"Hz)":[41],"resolution":[42],"the":[44,54,120,125,162,172,205],"field.":[45],"This":[46],"technology":[47],"allows":[48],"for":[49,60,86,235],"analyzing":[50],"individual":[51],"objects":[52],"within":[53],"flow":[55],"unprecedented":[57],"detail,":[58],"essential":[59],"understanding":[61],"behavior.":[63],"However,":[64],"generating":[65],"large":[66],"datasets":[67],"enabling":[69],"real-time":[70,236],"requires":[72],"automated":[73,229],"detection":[74,88],"tracking":[76],"fast-moving":[78],"features.":[80],"In":[81],"this":[82],"study,":[83],"deep-learning":[84],"algorithms":[85],"object":[87,135],"(YOLOv5":[89],"YOLOv8)":[91],"were":[92,157],"applied":[93],"to":[94,97,160,207],"optical":[95],"images":[96],"identify":[98],"orders":[99],"magnitude":[101],"more":[102,158],"features":[104,152,200],"than":[105],"with":[106,143,216],"existing":[107],"approaches,":[108],"such":[109],"as":[110],"surge":[111],"waves":[112],"(SWs)":[113],"boulders.":[115],"Projecting":[116],"these":[117],"detections":[118],"onto":[119],"point":[122],"clouds":[123],"enabled":[124],"extraction":[126],"kinematic":[128],"geometric":[130],"properties,":[131],"including":[132],"velocity":[133],"size.":[136],"The":[137,221],"surge-wave":[138],"detector":[139,182],"performed":[140],"exceptionally":[141],"well,":[142],"mean":[144],"average":[145],"precisions":[146],"(mAP)":[147],"above":[148],"0.9.":[149],"While":[150],"smaller":[151,199],"like":[153,201],"boulders":[154],"wood":[156],"difficult":[159],"detect,":[161],"small":[163],"feature":[164],"(SF)":[165],"detector\u2019s":[166],"mAP":[167],"still":[168],"exceeded":[169],"0.7.":[170],"Testing":[171],"detectors":[173],"at":[174],"different":[175],"channel":[176],"locations":[177],"showed":[178],"that":[179,196],"multidomain":[181],"can":[183],"reduce":[184],"labeling":[185],"efforts":[186],"by":[187],"over":[188],"75%":[189],"while":[190],"maintaining":[191],"performance.":[192],"We":[193],"further":[194],"demonstrated":[195],"SWs":[197],"accelerate":[198],"wood,":[202],"used":[204],"dataset":[206],"calculate":[208],"wave-breaking":[210],"index":[211],"(adapted":[212],"from":[213],"coastal":[214],"engineering)":[215],"threshold":[218],"0.4.":[220],"developed":[222],"methods":[223],"represent":[224],"step":[226],"forward":[227],"monitoring,":[231],"offering":[232],"scalable":[233],"tools":[234],"assessment":[238],"deeper":[240],"insight":[241],"into":[242],"dynamics.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
