{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414117413","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3608726","title":"HSTNet: A Hybrid Spatial\u2013Channel Sparse Transformer Network for Infrared Small Target Detection","display_name":"HSTNet: A Hybrid Spatial\u2013Channel Sparse Transformer Network for Infrared Small Target Detection","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414117413","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3608726"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3608726","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3608726","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ke Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9074-0092"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ke Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9074-0092","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016850011","display_name":"Yining Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7917-0874"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yining Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102837897","display_name":"Fujun Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6823-4645"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142108993","display_name":"Southwest University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj4z117","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142108993"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fujun Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Artificial Intelligence and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Brain-Inspired Computing and Intelligent Chips, Southwest University, Chongqing, China","College of Artificial Intelligence, Southwest University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6823-4645","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Artificial Intelligence and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Brain-Inspired Computing and Intelligent Chips, Southwest University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142108993"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Artificial Intelligence, Southwest University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142108993"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014932458","display_name":"Hu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5663-7981"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zige Xiong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zige Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043420125","display_name":"Yan Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3770-0604"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3770-0604","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.4502,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98290786,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"18"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.987500011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.987500011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9337999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11637","display_name":"Advanced Semiconductor Detectors and Materials","score":0.9265000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5453000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4659999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4124000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3815999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sparse-approximation","display_name":"Sparse approximation","score":0.365200012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.36169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint","display_name":"Joint (building)","score":0.35740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.3549000024795532}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8068000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5453000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4659999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4124000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3815999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124066611","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28684319","display_name":"Sparse approximation","level":2,"score":0.365200012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.36169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.35740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.3549000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.33149999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56372850","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1050404","display_name":"Sparse matrix","level":3,"score":0.32519999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993807640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103709453","display_name":"Attention network","level":2,"score":0.3116999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77637269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7002051","display_name":"Neural coding","level":2,"score":0.2881999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158355884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11388","display_name":"Infrared","level":2,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124851039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2665459","display_name":"Compressed sensing","level":2,"score":0.27410000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78548338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2493","display_name":"Data compression","level":2,"score":0.2718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988416141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6031139","display_name":"Information loss","level":2,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.25949999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.2572999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.25600001215934753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3608726","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3608726","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":71,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1974872009","https://openalex.org/W1978993121","https://openalex.org/W1992873714","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2041560658","https://openalex.org/W2067098972","https://openalex.org/W2099601760","https://openalex.org/W2145023731","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2598666589","https://openalex.org/W2604768956","https://openalex.org/W2782405382","https://openalex.org/W2912919760","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2981068491","https://openalex.org/W2991758591","https://openalex.org/W3010079414","https://openalex.org/W3034552520","https://openalex.org/W3034971973","https://openalex.org/W3039443125","https://openalex.org/W3045916241","https://openalex.org/W3118249006","https://openalex.org/W3124866053","https://openalex.org/W3125738281","https://openalex.org/W3127751679","https://openalex.org/W3154206785","https://openalex.org/W3160360746","https://openalex.org/W3171488657","https://openalex.org/W3171950886","https://openalex.org/W3197957534","https://openalex.org/W4212863773","https://openalex.org/W4282972322","https://openalex.org/W4285804308","https://openalex.org/W4289752563","https://openalex.org/W4312349930","https://openalex.org/W4312820606","https://openalex.org/W4312827004","https://openalex.org/W4312847199","https://openalex.org/W4313065862","https://openalex.org/W4313506322","https://openalex.org/W4313855945","https://openalex.org/W4313855947","https://openalex.org/W4317794940","https://openalex.org/W4319303166","https://openalex.org/W4319663728","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4385804992","https://openalex.org/W4387418424","https://openalex.org/W4388007015","https://openalex.org/W4388266680","https://openalex.org/W4388901570","https://openalex.org/W4391250905","https://openalex.org/W4391376377","https://openalex.org/W4391953447","https://openalex.org/W4394693725","https://openalex.org/W4394698940","https://openalex.org/W4396712838","https://openalex.org/W4400021290","https://openalex.org/W4400448293","https://openalex.org/W4401725766","https://openalex.org/W4401869554","https://openalex.org/W4402716415","https://openalex.org/W4402733568","https://openalex.org/W4403258593","https://openalex.org/W4404101640","https://openalex.org/W4404177154","https://openalex.org/W4405270459","https://openalex.org/W4407692619","https://openalex.org/W4409581006"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Infrared":[0],"small":[1,92],"target":[2,93,119],"detection":[3],"(IRSTD)":[4],"has":[5],"many":[6],"applications":[7],"in":[8],"multiple":[9,157],"secure":[10],"fields,":[11],"<italic":[12,161],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[13,162],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">e.g.</i>,":[14,163],"anti-Unmanned":[15],"Aerial":[16],"Vehicle":[17],"systems,":[18],"and":[19,36,49,83,124,131,152,166,179],"low-altitude":[20],"threat":[21],"perception.":[22],"Previous":[23],"works":[24,42],"improve":[25,118],"the":[26,45,79,96,129,134,138,172,181],"performance":[27],"of":[28,133],"IRSTD,":[29],"mainly":[30],"focusing":[31],"on":[32,156],"global":[33],"information":[34],"modeling":[35],"multi-scale":[37,103],"feature":[38,97],"fusion.":[39],"However,":[40],"these":[41],"inevitably":[43],"ignore":[44],"distinction":[46],"between":[47,81],"targets":[48,82],"backgrounds.":[50,148],"To":[51],"address":[52],"this":[53],"problem,":[54],"we":[55,66,100,109,136],"propose":[56,68,110],"an":[57],"effective":[58],"Hybrid":[59],"Spatial-Channel":[60],"Sparse":[61],"Transformer":[62],"network,":[63],"HSTNet.":[64],"Specifically,":[65],"first":[67],"a":[69,102,111],"hybrid":[70],"spatial-channel":[71],"sparse":[72],"transformer":[73],"(SCST)":[74],"module":[75],"to":[76,90,117,127],"sparsely":[77],"model":[78],"relationship":[80],"background,":[84],"effectively":[85],"maintain":[86],"long-range":[87],"dependencies.":[88],"Secondly,":[89],"preserve":[91],"details":[94],"during":[95],"compression":[98],"process,":[99],"introduce":[101],"detail":[104],"enhancement":[105],"(MSDE)":[106],"module.":[107],"Thirdly,":[108],"scale-location":[112],"aware":[113],"joint":[114],"(SLJ)":[115],"Loss":[116],"perception":[120],"at":[121,188],"various":[122],"scales":[123],"locations.":[125],"Furthermore,":[126],"enhance":[128],"diversity":[130],"quantity":[132],"dataset,":[135,140],"develop":[137],"IRSTD-Large":[139],"comprising":[141],"19,558":[142],"annotated":[143],"infrared":[144],"images":[145],"with":[146],"diverse":[147],"Finally,":[149],"extensive":[150],"experiments":[151],"comparisons":[153],"are":[154],"conducted":[155],"dominant":[158],"IRSTD":[159],"datasets,":[160],"NUAA-SIRST,":[164],"IRSTD-1k,":[165],"IRSTD-Large.":[167],"The":[168,184],"results":[169],"show":[170],"that":[171],"proposed":[173],"network":[174],"surpasses":[175],"current":[176],"promising":[177],"methods":[178],"achieves":[180],"SOTA":[182],"performance.":[183],"code":[185],"is":[186],"available":[187],"https://github.com/juranccc/HSTNet.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}