{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414110892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3608572","title":"LCMatch: Layer Cross-Based Semi-Supervised Learning for Remote Sensing Scene Classification","display_name":"LCMatch: Layer Cross-Based Semi-Supervised Learning for Remote Sensing Scene Classification","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414110892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3608572"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3608572","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3608572","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ruizhe Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1550-7929"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I354108","display_name":"Minjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00s7tkw17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I354108"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83791580","display_name":"Fujian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03c8fdb16","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83791580"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruizhe Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Mathematics, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, China","School of Computer and Data Science, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1550-7929","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Mathematics, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83791580"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Data Science, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I354108"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091320821","display_name":"Zuoyong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0952-9915"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I354108","display_name":"Minjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00s7tkw17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I354108"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zuoyong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Data Science, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0952-9915","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Data Science, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I354108"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100453442","display_name":"Tao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9619-8717"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I354108","display_name":"Minjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00s7tkw17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I354108"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Data Science, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9619-8717","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Data Science, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I354108"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102785213","display_name":"Sien Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2189-0827"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sien Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Data Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Data Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080673171","display_name":"Yuanzheng Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1454-4976"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I354108","display_name":"Minjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00s7tkw17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I354108"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanzheng Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Data Science, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1454-4976","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Data Science, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I354108"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000315185","display_name":"Rong Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9127-1313"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I354108","display_name":"Minjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00s7tkw17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I354108"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83791580","display_name":"Fujian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03c8fdb16","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83791580"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rong Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Mathematics, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, China","School of Computer and Data Science, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Mathematics, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83791580"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Data Science, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I354108"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018312832","display_name":"George Papageorgiou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3288-6419"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201118511","display_name":"European University Cyprus","ror":"https://ror.org/04xp48827","country_code":"CY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201118511"]}],"countries":["CY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George N. Papageorgiou","raw_affiliation_strings":["SYSTEMA Research Center, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3288-6419","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SYSTEMA Research Center, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201118511"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.32097569,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9767000079154968,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9767000079154968,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9606000185012817,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weighting","display_name":"Weighting","score":0.6396999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5831000208854675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing-application","display_name":"Remote sensing application","score":0.5544999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.5152999758720398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.4514000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.41670000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3601999878883362}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8076000213623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.6396999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6362000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5831000208854675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183365957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17140402","display_name":"Remote sensing application","level":3,"score":0.5544999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.5152999758720398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4943999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4514000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.41670000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3601999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.3116999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.3084000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2985000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.29179999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.29120001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.28349998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.2639000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144986985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q871236","display_name":"Hierarchical database model","level":2,"score":0.260699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.25540000200271606}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3608572","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3608572","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5675064630","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62471207","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1958291604","https://openalex.org/W1980038761","https://openalex.org/W1984685202","https://openalex.org/W1994790229","https://openalex.org/W2006603039","https://openalex.org/W2024106504","https://openalex.org/W2027000042","https://openalex.org/W2122282653","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2515866431","https://openalex.org/W2592962403","https://openalex.org/W2607558879","https://openalex.org/W2762941833","https://openalex.org/W2770429219","https://openalex.org/W2792971533","https://openalex.org/W2886054370","https://openalex.org/W2890833618","https://openalex.org/W2902459419","https://openalex.org/W2942454403","https://openalex.org/W2946057160","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2964015378","https://openalex.org/W2964159205","https://openalex.org/W2970844248","https://openalex.org/W2983376237","https://openalex.org/W2983915818","https://openalex.org/W2985331920","https://openalex.org/W2990621560","https://openalex.org/W3006705642","https://openalex.org/W3022140654","https://openalex.org/W3035160371","https://openalex.org/W3081684346","https://openalex.org/W3196878101","https://openalex.org/W3207506706","https://openalex.org/W3208238113","https://openalex.org/W3213288046","https://openalex.org/W4206554021","https://openalex.org/W4221162144","https://openalex.org/W4248710273","https://openalex.org/W4253826570","https://openalex.org/W4285505614","https://openalex.org/W4287322212","https://openalex.org/W4289641562","https://openalex.org/W4293057377","https://openalex.org/W4310593159","https://openalex.org/W4313427362","https://openalex.org/W4318586146","https://openalex.org/W4390874514","https://openalex.org/W4394625607","https://openalex.org/W4404688148","https://openalex.org/W4405056209","https://openalex.org/W4405895814","https://openalex.org/W4410393786"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2121524756","https://openalex.org/W782553550","https://openalex.org/W1987967678","https://openalex.org/W2633218168","https://openalex.org/W4235897794","https://openalex.org/W2059707233","https://openalex.org/W1983126463","https://openalex.org/W2085738998","https://openalex.org/W2095126257","https://openalex.org/W2546503577"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"introduce":[1],"LCMatch,":[2],"a":[3,29,113],"novel":[4],"semi-supervised":[5,98],"scene":[6],"classification":[7,104],"framework":[8,26,36],"designed":[9],"to":[10,55],"enhance":[11],"the":[12,23,65],"performance":[13,110],"of":[14,38,67,103,117],"remote":[15,84],"sensing":[16,85],"image":[17],"classification.":[18],"Our":[19],"method":[20],"improves":[21],"upon":[22],"existing":[24],"FixMatch":[25],"by":[27],"incorporating":[28],"hierarchical":[30],"structure":[31],"for":[32],"pseudo-label":[33],"generation.":[34],"The":[35],"consists":[37],"three":[39,81],"key":[40],"modules:":[41],"Hierarchical":[42],"Cross-Random":[43],"Combination,":[44],"Adaptive":[45],"Weighting":[46],"Mechanism,":[47],"and":[48,62,69,90,125],"Label":[49],"Alignment.":[50],"These":[51],"modules":[52],"work":[53],"synergistically":[54],"generate":[56],"high-quality":[57],"pseudo-labels,":[58],"refining":[59],"model":[60],"predictions,":[61],"adaptively":[63],"balancing":[64],"contributions":[66],"labeled":[68,118],"unlabeled":[70],"data":[71],"during":[72],"training.":[73],"In":[74],"addition,":[75],"we":[76],"conduct":[77],"extensive":[78],"experiments":[79],"on":[80],"widely":[82],"used":[83],"datasets":[86],"including":[87],"AID,":[88],"UCMerced,":[89],"NWPU-RESISC45.":[91],"Results":[92],"demonstrate":[93],"that":[94],"LCMatch":[95,107],"outperforms":[96],"state-of-the-art":[97],"learning":[99],"methods":[100],"in":[101],"terms":[102],"accuracy.":[105],"Specifically,":[106],"exhibits":[108],"robust":[109],"even":[111],"with":[112],"very":[114],"limited":[115],"number":[116],"samples,":[119],"also":[120],"effectively":[121],"handling":[122],"class":[123],"imbalance":[124],"distinguishing":[126],"challenging":[127],"categories.":[128]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
