{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414165780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3607732","title":"HAFNet: Hierarchical Attention Fusion Network for Infrared Small Target Detection","display_name":"HAFNet: Hierarchical Attention Fusion Network for Infrared Small Target Detection","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414165780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3607732"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3607732","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3607732","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046692489","display_name":"Yingmei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6383-3825"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59649739","display_name":"Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmyj29","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59649739"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yingmei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software and Internet of Things Engineering, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software and Internet of Things Engineering, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59649739"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091215997","display_name":"Wangzhen Bao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59649739","display_name":"Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmyj29","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59649739"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wangtao Bao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software and Internet of Things Engineering, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software and Internet of Things Engineering, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59649739"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101040128","display_name":"Yong Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198091727","display_name":"Tiangong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00xsr9m91","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198091727"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Tiangong University, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Tiangong University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198091727"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034881756","display_name":"Weiguo Wan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3537-979X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59649739","display_name":"Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmyj29","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59649739"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiguo Wan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software and Internet of Things Engineering, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software and Internet of Things Engineering, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59649739"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111699128","display_name":"Xiao Qin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59649739","display_name":"Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmyj29","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59649739"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qin Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Management and Mathematics, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Management and Mathematics, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59649739"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056150936","display_name":"Xiaomei Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6026-6298"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59649739","display_name":"Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmyj29","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59649739"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueting Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software and Internet of Things Engineering, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software and Internet of Things Engineering, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59649739"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046692489"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59649739"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.0022,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95377183,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9638000130653381,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12994","display_name":"Infrared Thermography in Medicine","score":0.9438999891281128,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.705299973487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.6714000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.657800018787384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6184999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.4555000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-feature","display_name":"Semantic feature","score":0.41040000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.39079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.39070001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.3752000033855438}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.847100019454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.705299973487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.6714000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.657800018787384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6424999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6184999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.4555000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781122975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16928266","display_name":"Semantic feature","level":2,"score":0.41040000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.39079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.39070001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.3752000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.3560999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.3555999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778971668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5510284","display_name":"Fusion rules","level":4,"score":0.34700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.3449999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.34139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3386000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69744172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860822","display_name":"Image fusion","level":3,"score":0.3278999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88796919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1142907","display_name":"Backbone network","level":2,"score":0.32190001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.320499986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.31209999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126422989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93586","display_name":"Feature detection (computer vision)","level":4,"score":0.3100999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.30880001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101814296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5439685","display_name":"Feature model","level":3,"score":0.2797999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.27810001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.26759999990463257}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3607732","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3607732","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1978993121","https://openalex.org/W2006851788","https://openalex.org/W2080197848","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2341998679","https://openalex.org/W2560311620","https://openalex.org/W2774320778","https://openalex.org/W2884436604","https://openalex.org/W2912919760","https://openalex.org/W2921709033","https://openalex.org/W2928133111","https://openalex.org/W2942839421","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2991758591","https://openalex.org/W2996290406","https://openalex.org/W3014054456","https://openalex.org/W3015788359","https://openalex.org/W3035422681","https://openalex.org/W3039443125","https://openalex.org/W3088317060","https://openalex.org/W3092404985","https://openalex.org/W3097913527","https://openalex.org/W3113755791","https://openalex.org/W3118249006","https://openalex.org/W3118934234","https://openalex.org/W3124866053","https://openalex.org/W3127751679","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3148401590","https://openalex.org/W3171950886","https://openalex.org/W3177052299","https://openalex.org/W4282972322","https://openalex.org/W4289752563","https://openalex.org/W4304092528","https://openalex.org/W4313065862","https://openalex.org/W4313506322","https://openalex.org/W4313855945","https://openalex.org/W4313855947","https://openalex.org/W4317794940","https://openalex.org/W4321232185","https://openalex.org/W4362500629","https://openalex.org/W4390116438","https://openalex.org/W4390421984","https://openalex.org/W4391376377","https://openalex.org/W4392903273","https://openalex.org/W4393148032","https://openalex.org/W4394597260","https://openalex.org/W4400314904","https://openalex.org/W4402436792","https://openalex.org/W4402733568","https://openalex.org/W4402979889","https://openalex.org/W4403274254","https://openalex.org/W4403594096","https://openalex.org/W4404177154","https://openalex.org/W4405754207","https://openalex.org/W4406047438","https://openalex.org/W4409154619","https://openalex.org/W4409473780","https://openalex.org/W4412403737"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Infrared":[0],"small":[1,11,79,142],"target":[2],"detection":[3,220],"(IRSTD)":[4],"involves":[5],"identifying":[6],"targets":[7,80,143],"that":[8,207],"are":[9,20],"typically":[10],"in":[12,23,47,70],"spatial":[13,133],"extent,":[14],"have":[15],"low":[16],"signal-to-clutter":[17],"ratios,":[18],"and":[19,25,39,73,128,134,162,174,187,194,204,216],"often":[21,55],"embedded":[22],"dynamic":[24],"complex":[26,71],"backgrounds,":[27],"making":[28],"the":[29,35,48,96,111,151,192,208,212],"task":[30],"particularly":[31],"challenging.":[32],"Benefiting":[33],"from":[34,144],"powerful":[36],"feature":[37,41,61,112,124,158,165,176],"extraction":[38,62,113,125],"multiscale":[40,186],"fusion":[42,92,159,166,184],"characteristics,":[43],"U-Net":[44,53,97],"performs":[45],"well":[46],"IRSTD":[49,214],"task.":[50],"However,":[51],"existing":[52,213],"methods":[54,215],"focus":[56],"solely":[57],"on":[58,95,198,227],"optimizing":[59],"backbone":[60,114],"or":[63],"skip":[64,152,178],"connections,":[65],"which":[66],"limits":[67],"their":[68],"performance":[69],"scenes":[72],"makes":[74],"it":[75],"difficult":[76],"to":[77,115,139,181],"recognize":[78],"effectively.":[81],"To":[82],"address":[83],"this":[84],"limitation,":[85],"we":[86,149],"propose":[87],"a":[88,102,156,163],"novel":[89],"hierarchical":[90,157,164,172],"attention":[91,136],"network":[93],"based":[94],"architecture,":[98],"namely":[99],"HAFNet.":[100],"Specifically,":[101],"dual-branch":[103,123],"semantic":[104,118,189],"perception":[105],"module":[106,121],"(DSPM)":[107],"is":[108],"designed":[109],"as":[110],"enhance":[116],"contextual":[117],"interactions.":[119],"This":[120],"integrates":[122],"using":[126],"standard":[127],"dilated":[129],"convolutions":[130],"while":[131],"utilizing":[132],"channel":[135],"modules":[137,170],"(CAMs)":[138],"effectively":[140],"separate":[141],"background":[145],"noise.":[146],"In":[147],"addition,":[148],"extend":[150],"connection":[153],"by":[154],"merging":[155],"encoder":[160,193],"(HFFE)":[161],"decoder":[167],"(HFFD).":[168],"These":[169],"utilize":[171],"attention-guided":[173],"encoded":[175],"injection":[177],"connections":[179],"(ESCs)":[180],"achieve":[182],"effective":[183],"of":[185],"multilevel":[188],"features":[190],"between":[191],"decoder.":[195],"Extensive":[196],"experiments":[197],"three":[199],"public":[200],"datasets":[201],"(NUAA-SIRST,":[202],"IRSTD-1K,":[203],"NUDT-SIRST)":[205],"demonstrate":[206],"proposed":[209],"HAFNet":[210],"outperforms":[211],"achieves":[217],"state-of-the-art":[218],"(SOTA)":[219],"performance.":[221],"The":[222],"code":[223],"will":[224],"be":[225],"released":[226],"<uri":[228],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[229],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">https://github.com/Wangtao-Bao/HAFNet</uri>":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
