{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414165678","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3607622","title":"Extraction and Evaluation of Ionospheric Electron Density Using Undifferenced Uncombined GPS Radio Occultation Phase Measurements","display_name":"Extraction and Evaluation of Ionospheric Electron Density Using Undifferenced Uncombined GPS Radio Occultation Phase Measurements","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414165678","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3607622"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3607622","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3607622","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Sheng Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1282-8349"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheng Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1282-8349","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032989883","display_name":"Sicheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3819-2365"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sicheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3819-2365","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110848535","display_name":"Zheng Sheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng Sheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034689588","display_name":"Shaocheng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5379-8293"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaocheng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5379-8293","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2544,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81317077,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-occultation","display_name":"Radio occultation","score":0.8184999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionosphere","display_name":"Ionosphere","score":0.7164999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electron-density","display_name":"Electron density","score":0.6708999872207642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.6507999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.4277999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occultation","display_name":"Occultation","score":0.42750000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-reference-ionosphere","display_name":"International Reference Ionosphere","score":0.37599998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offset","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","score":0.37450000643730164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777034083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1560557","display_name":"Radio occultation","level":3,"score":0.8184999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116403925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162219","display_name":"Ionosphere","level":2,"score":0.7164999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125485243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905186","display_name":"Electron density","level":3,"score":0.6708999872207642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.6507999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5656999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.4277999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131040042","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202746","display_name":"Occultation","level":2,"score":0.42750000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.3971000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777966019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666845","display_name":"International Reference Ionosphere","level":5,"score":0.37599998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.37450000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3425000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.33809998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12957241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15903792","display_name":"GPS signals","level":4,"score":0.3057999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.3027999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147120987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2225","display_name":"Electron","level":2,"score":0.29330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2833999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.28299999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165391973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844304","display_name":"Total electron content","level":4,"score":0.2791999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177860922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788608","display_name":"Decorrelation","level":2,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4725764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844704","display_name":"Extraction (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.2700999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202799725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272035","display_name":"Accuracy and precision","level":2,"score":0.2558000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.2556000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3607622","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3607622","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2070390744","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42405065","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2150863809","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42275060","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3713893235","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42174043","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4338803958","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"24-ZZCX-JDZ-45","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6163535611","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42305048","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8579480695","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42474225","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8926153864","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"25-ZZCX-BC-10","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1547755209","https://openalex.org/W1551556633","https://openalex.org/W1650474343","https://openalex.org/W1964409047","https://openalex.org/W2009705454","https://openalex.org/W2020584680","https://openalex.org/W2032083931","https://openalex.org/W2042700274","https://openalex.org/W2047638950","https://openalex.org/W2056510933","https://openalex.org/W2078693519","https://openalex.org/W2080463587","https://openalex.org/W2097398748","https://openalex.org/W2103238327","https://openalex.org/W2114194630","https://openalex.org/W2126583683","https://openalex.org/W2149477766","https://openalex.org/W2165421589","https://openalex.org/W2410015886","https://openalex.org/W2528175660","https://openalex.org/W2554701933","https://openalex.org/W2680822533","https://openalex.org/W2968959498","https://openalex.org/W2972977047","https://openalex.org/W3095483236","https://openalex.org/W3185373847","https://openalex.org/W3207678053","https://openalex.org/W3208948159","https://openalex.org/W4285007195","https://openalex.org/W4285120721","https://openalex.org/W4297545588","https://openalex.org/W4321187017","https://openalex.org/W4386393031","https://openalex.org/W4388048779","https://openalex.org/W4401879617","https://openalex.org/W4402187280","https://openalex.org/W4402302446","https://openalex.org/W4402900238","https://openalex.org/W4407247419","https://openalex.org/W4411730646"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Global":[0],"positioning":[1],"system":[2,24],"(GPS)":[3],"radio":[4],"occultation":[5],"(RO)":[6],"is":[7,189,199],"a":[8,50],"widely":[9],"used":[10],"technique":[11],"for":[12,25,90,172,177,191],"deriving":[13],"ionospheric":[14],"electron":[15,91,145],"density":[16,92,146],"profiles":[17],"(EDPs),":[18],"especially":[19],"the":[20,33,38,72,85,97,112,116,126,129,143,148,160,180,186,196,205],"first":[21],"constellation":[22],"observing":[23],"meteorology,":[26],"ionosphere,":[27],"and":[28,53,66,152,162,174],"climate":[29],"(COSMIC-1)":[30],"satellites,":[31],"enriching":[32],"amount":[34],"of":[35,57,142,147,169,182],"measurements":[36,60],"over":[37],"ocean.":[39],"In":[40],"standard":[41],"data":[42],"processing,":[43],"COSMIC-1":[44,104],"EDPs":[45,113,193,202],"are":[46,119],"retrieved":[47],"based":[48],"on":[49],"dual-frequency":[51,127,163,206],"(L1":[52],"L2":[54],"band)":[55],"combination":[56],"carrier":[58,99],"phase":[59,100],"(dual-frequency":[61],"method),":[62],"which":[63,94],"may":[64],"introduce":[65],"amplify":[67],"tracking":[68],"errors,":[69],"particularly":[70],"from":[71,115,125,204],"noisier":[73],"or":[74],"unstable":[75],"L2-band":[76,197],"signal.":[77],"This":[78],"study":[79],"proposes":[80],"an":[81],"alternative":[82],"method":[83,118,188,207],"called":[84],"undifferenced":[86],"uncombined":[87],"(UDUC)":[88],"approach":[89],"retrieval,":[93],"uses":[95],"only":[96],"L1-band":[98],"along":[101],"with":[102,122,165],"1-s":[103],"clock":[105],"offset":[106],"products.":[107],"Our":[108],"analysis":[109],"shows":[110,156],"that":[111],"derived":[114,203],"UDUC":[117,161,187],"highly":[120],"consistent":[121],"those":[123],"obtained":[124],"method,":[128],"international":[130],"reference":[131],"ionosphere":[132],"(IRI)":[133],"2020":[134],"model,":[135],"as":[136,138],"well":[137],"ionosondes.":[139],"Statistical":[140],"validation":[141],"peak":[144],"F2":[149],"layer":[150],"(NmF2)":[151],"its":[153],"height":[154],"(hmF2)":[155],"strong":[157],"correlations":[158],"between":[159],"methods,":[164],"Pearson":[166],"correlation":[167],"coefficients":[168],"0.92":[170],"(0.96)":[171],"NmF2":[173],"0.88":[175],"(0.92)":[176],"hmF2":[178],"during":[179],"years":[181],"2009":[183],"(2013).":[184],"Furthermore,":[185],"effective":[190],"retrieving":[192],"even":[194],"when":[195],"signal":[198],"unstable,":[200],"whereas":[201],"tend":[208],"to":[209],"fluctuate":[210],"significantly.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-19T07:52:34.831488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
