{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414079892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3602013","title":"High-Precision Depth and Magnetic Moment Inversion of Buried Unexploded Ordnance Based on Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm","display_name":"High-Precision Depth and Magnetic Moment Inversion of Buried Unexploded Ordnance Based on Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414079892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3602013"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3602013","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3602013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010453430","display_name":"Zhiyue Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyue Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085351669","display_name":"Ying Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6465-9029"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6465-9029","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034995152","display_name":"Xiaobao Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5545-4128"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaobao Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061478748","display_name":"Junqi Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0459-3328"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junqi Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0459-3328","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100426096","display_name":"Pengfei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3204-0416"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengfei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3204-0416","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100427637","display_name":"Xiaomeng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7811-3457"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161003","display_name":"Qingdao Center of Resource Chemistry and New Materials","ror":"https://ror.org/05x85k702","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210089297","https://openalex.org/I4210161003"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaomeng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qingdao HYH Technology Company Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong, China","Qingdao HYH Technology Co. Ltd, Qingdao, Shandong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qingdao HYH Technology Company Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161003"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qingdao HYH Technology Co. Ltd, Qingdao, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161003"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhuangzhuang Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161003","display_name":"Qingdao Center of Resource Chemistry and New Materials","ror":"https://ror.org/05x85k702","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210089297","https://openalex.org/I4210161003"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhuangzhuang Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qingdao HYH Technology Company Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong, China","Qingdao HYH Technology Co. Ltd, Qingdao, Shandong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qingdao HYH Technology Company Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161003"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qingdao HYH Technology Co. Ltd, Qingdao, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161003"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xiaoyong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4523-047X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155952","display_name":"Qingdao Huanghai University","ror":"https://ror.org/05e1zbn94","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155952"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Service and Support Center, Qingdao Huangdao District Committee of Chinese People&#x2019;s Political Consultative Conference, Qingdao, Shandong, China","Service and Support Center of Qingdao Huangdao District Committee of the Chinese People&#x2019;s Political Consultative Conference, Qingdao, Shandong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4523-047X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Service and Support Center, Qingdao Huangdao District Committee of Chinese People&#x2019;s Political Consultative Conference, Qingdao, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155952"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Service and Support Center of Qingdao Huangdao District Committee of the Chinese People&#x2019;s Political Consultative Conference, Qingdao, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155952"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.20011747,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14158","display_name":"Optical Systems and Laser Technology","score":0.9606000185012817,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14158","display_name":"Optical Systems and Laser Technology","score":0.9606000185012817,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12549","display_name":"Image and Object Detection Techniques","score":0.958899974822998,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10638","display_name":"Optical measurement and interference techniques","score":0.9251000285148621,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","score":0.720300018787384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unexploded-ordnance","display_name":"Unexploded ordnance","score":0.6399000287055969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gradiometer","display_name":"Gradiometer","score":0.5041999816894531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.4961000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inversion","display_name":"Inversion (geology)","score":0.4668000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetometer","display_name":"Magnetometer","score":0.4505000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.4178999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalar","display_name":"Scalar (mathematics)","score":0.39570000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moment","display_name":"Moment (physics)","score":0.3919999897480011}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.7512999773025513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.720300018787384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775977338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2302880","display_name":"Unexploded ordnance","level":2,"score":0.6399000287055969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780784121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629879","display_name":"Gradiometer","level":4,"score":0.5041999816894531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.4961000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1893757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3653001","display_name":"Inversion (geology)","level":3,"score":0.4668000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153946474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333921","display_name":"Magnetometer","level":3,"score":0.4505000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44749999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.4178999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57691317","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1289248","display_name":"Scalar (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.39570000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179254644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222844","display_name":"Moment (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3919999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9936470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6510405","display_name":"Least-squares function approximation","level":3,"score":0.3506999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135252773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1567213","display_name":"Inverse problem","level":2,"score":0.31709998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39425265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098944","display_name":"Optimal estimation","level":2,"score":0.3111000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987595161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Optimization algorithm","level":2,"score":0.2935999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167928553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376021","display_name":"Estimation theory","level":2,"score":0.2906999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54553102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242657","display_name":"Magnetic moment","level":2,"score":0.2870999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19619285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196372","display_name":"Observational error","level":2,"score":0.28450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.28060001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28044941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2735870","display_name":"Fluxgate compass","level":4,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.27309998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2721000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106516650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm design","level":2,"score":0.2721000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81692654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q225926","display_name":"Kriging","level":2,"score":0.26570001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.2551000118255615}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3602013","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3602013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2850340346","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFC3104000","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2006420193","https://openalex.org/W2030614909","https://openalex.org/W2058116517","https://openalex.org/W2082669252","https://openalex.org/W2568376783","https://openalex.org/W2724136078","https://openalex.org/W2744355951","https://openalex.org/W2973279931","https://openalex.org/W2982222667","https://openalex.org/W3006256423","https://openalex.org/W3006839166","https://openalex.org/W3091958925","https://openalex.org/W3115826444","https://openalex.org/W3201428474","https://openalex.org/W4214730966","https://openalex.org/W4319727476","https://openalex.org/W4319990392","https://openalex.org/W4327522735","https://openalex.org/W4385416540","https://openalex.org/W4386736745","https://openalex.org/W4387247678","https://openalex.org/W4392005930","https://openalex.org/W4400939179","https://openalex.org/W4402978805","https://openalex.org/W4406258373","https://openalex.org/W4407000800"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4220827440","https://openalex.org/W2317913162","https://openalex.org/W154763181","https://openalex.org/W3091176685","https://openalex.org/W2474390966","https://openalex.org/W2160686887","https://openalex.org/W4236529029","https://openalex.org/W2514446471","https://openalex.org/W2990965172","https://openalex.org/W2012426617"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,122],"vertical":[1,11,48],"gradiometer":[2],"is":[3,28,99,173,189],"constructed":[4],"using":[5],"two":[6],"scalar":[7,12],"magnetometers,":[8],"with":[9,104,150],"the":[10,16,19,33,42,53,130,143,147,170,183],"gradient":[13],"derived":[14],"through":[15],"application":[17],"of":[18,55,117,125],"Anderson":[20],"function.":[21],"The":[22],"Particle":[23],"Swarm":[24],"Optimization":[25],"(PSO)":[26],"algorithm":[27,70,98,132,145],"then":[29],"employed":[30],"to":[31],"estimate":[32],"target\u2019s":[34],"position,":[35],"magnetic":[36,45,185],"moment,":[37],"and":[38,47,63,93,138,182],"depth":[39],"by":[40],"integrating":[41],"detection":[43,107],"trajectory,":[44],"field,":[46],"gradient.":[49],"By":[50],"thoroughly":[51],"investigating":[52],"impact":[54],"computation":[56],"time":[57],"<italic":[58,66,88,94,154,174,190],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[59,61,67,89,91,95,155,157,175,177,191,193],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">t</i><sub":[60,90],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">c</sub>":[62],"particle":[64],"number":[65],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">N</i>":[68],"on":[69,79],"precision,":[71],"we":[72],"propose":[73],"an":[74],"optimal":[75,85],"configuration":[76],"framework":[77],"based":[78],"Monte":[80],"Carlo":[81],"simulation":[82],"for":[83],"achieving":[84],"precision":[86],"at":[87],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">c</sub>=40s":[92],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">N</i>=100.":[96],"This":[97],"validated":[100],"via":[101],"experiments":[102],"conducted":[103],"a":[105,110],"handheld":[106],"system":[108],"over":[109],"96":[111],"m\u00b2":[112],"area,":[113],"where":[114],"three":[115],"types":[116],"targets":[118],"are":[119],"randomly":[120],"placed.":[121],"comparative":[123],"analysis":[124],"parameter":[126],"inversion":[127],"accuracy":[128],"among":[129],"Genetic":[131],"(GA),":[133],"Least":[134],"Squares":[135],"Method":[136],"(LSM),":[137],"PSO":[139,144],"algorithms":[140],"reveals":[141],"that":[142],"achieves":[146],"highest":[148],"accuracy,":[149],"maximum":[151],"spatial":[152],"error":[153,172,188],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">e</i><sub":[156,176,192],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">(x,":[158],"y,":[159],"z)":[160],"max</sub>":[161],"=":[162,195],"(0.10":[163],"m,":[164,166],"0.13":[165],"0.10":[167,180],"m).":[168],"Specifically,":[169],"vetical":[171],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">zmax</sub>":[178],"\u2264":[179],"m":[181],"average":[184],"moment":[186],"estimation":[187],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">ave</sub>":[194],"5.23%.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}