{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412971879","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3590054","title":"PolyFootNet: Extracting Polygonal Building Footprints in Off-Nadir Remote Sensing Images","display_name":"PolyFootNet: Extracting Polygonal Building Footprints in Off-Nadir Remote Sensing Images","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412971879","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3590054"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3590054","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3590054","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100559557","display_name":"Kai Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7161-434X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kai Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076363598","display_name":"Yupeng Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8396-0338"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yupeng Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100649322","display_name":"Jingbo Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8113-7823"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingbo Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110901552","display_name":"Yu Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0595-3439"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092181498","display_name":"Zhihao Xi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6508-0983"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhihao Xi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101503684","display_name":"Junxian Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8855-2333"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junxian Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058625257","display_name":"Chenhao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4162-1925"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenhao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021037797","display_name":"Maolin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0073-0172"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maolin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Machine Learning Laboratory, School of Data Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong","Applied Machine Learning Lab, School of Data Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Machine Learning Laboratory, School of Data Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Machine Learning Lab, School of Data Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100645854","display_name":"Xiangyu Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2926-4416"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangyu Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Machine Learning Laboratory, School of Data Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong","Applied Machine Learning Lab, School of Data Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Machine Learning Laboratory, School of Data Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Machine Learning Lab, School of Data Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100559557"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1483,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79772845,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nadir","display_name":"Nadir","score":0.8195563554763794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.7377549409866333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5052400231361389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.4152454733848572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.2104066014289856}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88575799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145825","display_name":"Nadir","level":3,"score":0.8195563554763794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.7377549409866333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5052400231361389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.4152454733848572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.2104066014289856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3590054","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3590054","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.5600000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3172650774","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021YFB3900504","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1971713783","https://openalex.org/W1978879784","https://openalex.org/W1981934656","https://openalex.org/W1994616650","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2076131212","https://openalex.org/W2096128536","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2134148744","https://openalex.org/W2146162420","https://openalex.org/W2150884987","https://openalex.org/W2169553309","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963857746","https://openalex.org/W2996327453","https://openalex.org/W3034731157","https://openalex.org/W3090332370","https://openalex.org/W3163631062","https://openalex.org/W3171450708","https://openalex.org/W3203230094","https://openalex.org/W4214893857","https://openalex.org/W4226280350","https://openalex.org/W4361195764","https://openalex.org/W4362472800","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4390874575","https://openalex.org/W4391341554","https://openalex.org/W4392399545","https://openalex.org/W4392909628","https://openalex.org/W4401024752","https://openalex.org/W4402702882","https://openalex.org/W4403284395","https://openalex.org/W4403792097","https://openalex.org/W4403864091","https://openalex.org/W4404688695","https://openalex.org/W4410744786","https://openalex.org/W6688384279","https://openalex.org/W6777615688","https://openalex.org/W6791353385","https://openalex.org/W6802819647","https://openalex.org/W6840982273","https://openalex.org/W6851329192","https://openalex.org/W6867056988","https://openalex.org/W6870839691"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W1936443018","https://openalex.org/W3114051225","https://openalex.org/W2495312616","https://openalex.org/W2081538989","https://openalex.org/W2084893008","https://openalex.org/W3092545836","https://openalex.org/W2890917258"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Extracting":[0],"polygonal":[1,33,61,72,94,182,200],"building":[2,73,135,144,158,176],"footprints":[3,74],"from":[4,142,203],"off-nadir":[5,50,205],"imagery":[6,41],"is":[7,108],"crucial":[8],"for":[9,39],"diverse":[10],"applications.":[11],"Current":[12],"deep-learning-based":[13],"extraction":[14,34,96,149,160,167],"approaches":[15],"predominantly":[16],"rely":[17],"on":[18],"semantic":[19],"segmentation":[20],"paradigms":[21,168],"and":[22,29,42,128,169,178,198],"postprocessing":[23,78],"algorithms,":[24],"limiting":[25],"their":[26],"boundary":[27],"precision":[28],"applicability.":[30],"However,":[31],"existing":[32],"methodologies":[35],"are":[36],"inherently":[37],"designed":[38],"near-nadir":[40],"fail":[43],"under":[44],"the":[45,60,106,110,122,154],"geometric":[46],"complexities":[47],"introduced":[48],"by":[49,153],"viewing":[51],"angles.":[52],"To":[53,207],"address":[54],"these":[55],"challenges,":[56],"this":[57],"article":[58],"introduces":[59],"footprint":[62,159,183],"network":[63],"(PolyFootNet),":[64],"a":[65,83,98,172,195],"novel":[66],"deep-learning":[67],"framework":[68],"that":[69,171],"directly":[70],"outputs":[71],"without":[75],"requiring":[76],"external":[77],"steps.":[79],"The":[80],"PolyFootNet":[81,107],"employs":[82],"high-quality":[84],"mask":[85],"prompter":[86],"to":[87,119,137],"generate":[88],"precise":[89,199],"roof":[90],"masks,":[91],"which":[92],"guide":[93],"vertex":[95],"in":[97,116],"unified":[99],"model":[100],"pipeline.":[101],"A":[102],"key":[103],"contribution":[104],"of":[105,157,175,216],"introducing":[109],"self-offset":[111],"attention":[112],"(SOFA)":[113],"mechanism,":[114],"grounded":[115],"Nadaraya\u2013Watson":[117],"regression,":[118],"effectively":[120],"mitigate":[121],"accuracy":[123],"discrepancy":[124],"observed":[125],"between":[126],"low-rise":[127,134],"high-rise":[129,143],"buildings.":[130],"This":[131],"approach":[132,174],"allows":[133],"predictions":[136],"leverage":[138],"angular":[139],"corrections":[140],"learned":[141],"offsets,":[145],"significantly":[146],"enhancing":[147],"overall":[148],"accuracy.":[150],"Additionally,":[151],"motivated":[152],"inherent":[155],"ambiguity":[156],"(BFE)":[161],"tasks,":[162],"we":[163,211],"systematically":[164],"investigate":[165],"alternative":[166],"demonstrate":[170],"combined":[173],"masks":[177],"offsets":[179],"achieves":[180],"superior":[181],"results.":[184],"Extensive":[185],"experiments":[186],"validate":[187],"PolyFootNet\u2019s":[188],"effectiveness,":[189],"illustrating":[190],"its":[191],"promising":[192],"potential":[193],"as":[194],"robust,":[196],"generalizable,":[197],"BFE":[201],"method":[202],"challenging":[204],"imagery.":[206],"facilitate":[208],"further":[209],"research,":[210],"will":[212],"release":[213],"pretrained":[214],"weights":[215],"our":[217],"offset":[218],"prediction":[219],"module":[220],"at":[221],"<uri":[222],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[223],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">https://github.com/likaiucas/PolyFootNet</uri>":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}