{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412446138","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3589487","title":"SemiBaCon: Semi-Supervised Balanced Contrastive Learning for Multimodal Remote Sensing Image Classification","display_name":"SemiBaCon: Semi-Supervised Balanced Contrastive Learning for Multimodal Remote Sensing Image Classification","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412446138","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3589487"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3589487","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3589487","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://vbn.aau.dk/da/publications/ef605206-aa69-4314-b35e-e49aa99f8a98","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101438258","display_name":"Yufei He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4938-6773"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115570","display_name":"National Space Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02nnjtm50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yufei He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Electronics and Information Technology for Space Systems, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","National Space Science Center, Key Laboratory of Electronics and Information Technology for Space Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4938-6773","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Electronics and Information Technology for Space Systems, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Space Science Center, Key Laboratory of Electronics and Information Technology for Space Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006601447","display_name":"Bobo Xi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0309-1556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bobo Xi","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","School of Telecommunications Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0309-1556","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Telecommunications Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100650396","display_name":"Guocheng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7934-3132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115570","display_name":"National Space Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02nnjtm50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guocheng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Electronics and Information Technology for Space Systems, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","National Space Science Center, Key Laboratory of Electronics and Information Technology for Space Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7934-3132","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Electronics and Information Technology for Space Systems, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Space Science Center, Key Laboratory of Electronics and Information Technology for Space Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101192395","display_name":"Tie Zheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115570","display_name":"National Space Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02nnjtm50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tie Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Electronics and Information Technology for Space Systems, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","National Space Science Center, Key Laboratory of Electronics and Information Technology for Space Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Electronics and Information Technology for Space Systems, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Space Science Center, Key Laboratory of Electronics and Information Technology for Space Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067798266","display_name":"Yunsong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0234-6270"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunsong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","School of Telecommunications Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0234-6270","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Telecommunications Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003072568","display_name":"Changbin Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1834-7849"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115570","display_name":"National Space Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02nnjtm50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changbin Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Electronics and Information Technology for Space Systems, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","National Space Science Center, Key Laboratory of Electronics and Information Technology for Space Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1834-7849","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Electronics and Information Technology for Space Systems, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Space Science Center, Key Laboratory of Electronics and Information Technology for Space Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045025355","display_name":"Ming Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9388-3513"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","display_name":"Aalborg University","ror":"https://ror.org/04m5j1k67","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Systems, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9388-3513","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Systems, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7097,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90786385,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9886999726295471,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9886999726295471,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9503999948501587,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7105711698532104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modal","display_name":"Modal","score":0.654485285282135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6302452087402344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.6203649044036865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5691432356834412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4425722658634186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.41316866874694824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.3536372184753418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1848965287208557}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7105711698532104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71139939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910194","display_name":"Modal","level":2,"score":0.654485285282135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6302452087402344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.6203649044036865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5691432356834412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4425722658634186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.41316866874694824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3536372184753418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1848965287208557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188027245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446","display_name":"Polymer chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3589487","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3589487","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/ef605206-aa69-4314-b35e-e49aa99f8a98","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://vbn.aau.dk/da/publications/ef605206-aa69-4314-b35e-e49aa99f8a98","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401731","display_name":"VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","host_organization_name":"Aalborg University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"He, Y, Xi, B, Li, G, Zheng, T, Li, Y, Xue, C & Shen, M 2025, 'SemiBaCon : Semi-Supervised Balanced Contrastive Learning for Multi-Modal Remote Sensing Image Classification', IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 63, 5519014. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2025.3589487","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/ef605206-aa69-4314-b35e-e49aa99f8a98","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://vbn.aau.dk/da/publications/ef605206-aa69-4314-b35e-e49aa99f8a98","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401731","display_name":"VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","host_organization_name":"Aalborg University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"He, Y, Xi, B, Li, G, Zheng, T, Li, Y, Xue, C & Shen, M 2025, 'SemiBaCon : Semi-Supervised Balanced Contrastive Learning for Multi-Modal Remote Sensing Image Classification', IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 63, 5519014. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2025.3589487","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2001823979","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023M732742","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5348881923","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023BSHYDZZ97","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326174","funder_display_name":"Shaanxi Province Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6359563577","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023A1515110504","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","funder_display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8507233877","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62401434","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326174","display_name":"Shaanxi Province Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2054689043","https://openalex.org/W2296450878","https://openalex.org/W2765739551","https://openalex.org/W2804865177","https://openalex.org/W2899003677","https://openalex.org/W2981151698","https://openalex.org/W3004968762","https://openalex.org/W3048631361","https://openalex.org/W3081753142","https://openalex.org/W3086383900","https://openalex.org/W3203828328","https://openalex.org/W4200068923","https://openalex.org/W4294310053","https://openalex.org/W4294310684","https://openalex.org/W4312339456","https://openalex.org/W4312592451","https://openalex.org/W4312801205","https://openalex.org/W4312989292","https://openalex.org/W4315606133","https://openalex.org/W4361982595","https://openalex.org/W4380763457","https://openalex.org/W4386432259","https://openalex.org/W4387415136","https://openalex.org/W4387448078","https://openalex.org/W4388157208","https://openalex.org/W4390659044","https://openalex.org/W4390956164","https://openalex.org/W4391528302","https://openalex.org/W4391953431","https://openalex.org/W4392543906","https://openalex.org/W4392904712","https://openalex.org/W4393906060","https://openalex.org/W4394002421","https://openalex.org/W4399527005","https://openalex.org/W4399728165","https://openalex.org/W4401726115","https://openalex.org/W4402351343","https://openalex.org/W4402674148","https://openalex.org/W4403863621","https://openalex.org/W4404101631","https://openalex.org/W4404101686","https://openalex.org/W4405778600","https://openalex.org/W4406416198","https://openalex.org/W4406856751","https://openalex.org/W4406946738","https://openalex.org/W4407477402","https://openalex.org/W4407566426","https://openalex.org/W4407948958","https://openalex.org/W4408222684","https://openalex.org/W4408858466","https://openalex.org/W6770717842","https://openalex.org/W6774314701"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2121524756","https://openalex.org/W782553550","https://openalex.org/W2379392295","https://openalex.org/W3160965418","https://openalex.org/W613940353","https://openalex.org/W1987967678","https://openalex.org/W2320915480","https://openalex.org/W2633218168","https://openalex.org/W4235897794","https://openalex.org/W2546503577"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"limited":[1],"availability":[2],"of":[3,12,133,138,145],"annotated":[4],"training":[5],"data":[6,84],"significantly":[7],"constrains":[8],"the":[9,33,44,82,93,104,143,187,197,203],"classification":[10],"accuracy":[11],"hyperspectral":[13],"image":[14,60],"(HSI)":[15],"and":[16,88,135,182],"LiDAR":[17],"fusion":[18],"approaches.":[19],"Although":[20],"contrastive":[21,52,164],"learning":[22,53,153,165],"has":[23],"emerged":[24],"as":[25],"a":[26,48,65,116,161],"potential":[27],"solution,":[28],"current":[29],"implementations":[30],"frequently":[31],"neglect":[32],"critical":[34],"class":[35,74],"imbalance":[36,75],"issues":[37],"during":[38],"unlabeled":[39],"sample":[40,148],"selection.":[41],"To":[42],"address":[43],"issue,":[45],"we":[46,63,159],"introduce":[47],"novel":[49],"semi-supervised":[50],"balanced":[51,67,97],"(SemiBaCon)":[54],"framework":[55],"for":[56],"multi-modal":[57,146],"remote":[58],"sensing":[59],"classification.":[61],"First,":[62],"propose":[64],"superpixel-based":[66],"sampling":[68,110],"(SPBS)":[69],"mechanism":[70],"that":[71,168],"fundamentally":[72],"addresses":[73],"through":[76,154],"intelligent":[77],"pseudo-label":[78,98,162,171],"generation.":[79],"By":[80],"segmenting":[81],"HSI":[83,134],"into":[85],"homogeneous":[86],"superpixels":[87],"implementing":[89],"intra-region":[90],"label":[91],"propagation,":[92],"method":[94],"ensures":[95],"statistically":[96],"selection":[99],"across":[100],"categories,":[101],"effectively":[102,178],"overcoming":[103],"bias":[105],"introduced":[106],"by":[107],"conventional":[108],"random":[109],"strategies.":[111],"Second,":[112],"our":[113],"architecture":[114],"integrates":[115],"dual-stream":[117],"encoder":[118],"combining":[119],"convolutional":[120],"neural":[121],"networks":[122],"(CNNs)":[123],"with":[124,173],"Transformers,":[125],"enabling":[126],"hierarchical":[127],"feature":[128,174],"extraction":[129],"from":[130],"spectral-spatial":[131],"characteristics":[132],"elevation":[136],"patterns":[137],"LiDAR.":[139],"This":[140],"design":[141],"facilitates":[142],"construction":[144],"positive":[147],"pairs,":[149],"achieving":[150],"enhanced":[151],"representation":[152],"inter-modal":[155],"consistency":[156],"constraints.":[157],"Third,":[158],"develop":[160],"guided":[163],"(PLCL)":[166],"paradigm":[167],"synergistically":[169],"combines":[170],"confidence":[172],"similarity":[175],"metrics,":[176],"which":[177],"reduces":[179],"intra-class":[180],"variance":[181],"improves":[183],"decision":[184],"boundaries":[185],"in":[186],"latent":[188],"space.":[189],"Comprehensive":[190],"evaluations":[191],"on":[192],"three":[193],"benchmark":[194],"datasets":[195],"demonstrate":[196],"framework\u2019s":[198],"superior":[199],"performance":[200],"compared":[201],"to":[202],"state-of-the-art":[204],"methods.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}