{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412082347","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3586604","title":"Enhancing Retrievals of Air-Sea Heat Fluxes From AMSR2 Microwave Observations Based on Deep Learning","display_name":"Enhancing Retrievals of Air-Sea Heat Fluxes From AMSR2 Microwave Observations Based on Deep Learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412082347","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3586604"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3586604","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3586604","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mengjiao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0154-706X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101167","display_name":"Institute of Oceanology","ror":"https://ror.org/018yw5541","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210101167"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mengjiao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Ocean Observation and Forecasting and the Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China","Institute of Oceanology, Key Laboratory of Ocean Observation and Forecasting and Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Ocean Observation and Forecasting and the Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101167"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Oceanology, Key Laboratory of Ocean Observation and Forecasting and Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101167"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106406714","display_name":"Haoyu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3500-6678"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101167","display_name":"Institute of Oceanology","ror":"https://ror.org/018yw5541","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210101167"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Ocean Observation and Forecasting and the Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China","Institute of Oceanology, Key Laboratory of Ocean Observation and Forecasting and Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Ocean Observation and Forecasting and the Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101167"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Oceanology, Key Laboratory of Ocean Observation and Forecasting and Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101167"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100347672","display_name":"Xiaofeng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7038-5119"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101167","display_name":"Institute of Oceanology","ror":"https://ror.org/018yw5541","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210101167"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofeng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Oceanography, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","Institute of Oceanology, Key Laboratory of Ocean Observation and Forecasting and Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Oceanography, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Oceanology, Key Laboratory of Ocean Observation and Forecasting and Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101167"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101167"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.242,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78582255,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6700659990310669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6161243319511414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microwave-imaging","display_name":"Microwave imaging","score":0.46273764967918396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microwave","display_name":"Microwave","score":0.44815880060195923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-surface-temperature","display_name":"Sea surface temperature","score":0.4455481469631195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.4287107586860657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.3411800265312195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.25966501235961914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.22570431232452393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.08613550662994385}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6700659990310669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6161243319511414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779885931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17010029","display_name":"Microwave imaging","level":3,"score":0.46273764967918396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44838205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127995","display_name":"Microwave","level":2,"score":0.44815880060195923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134097258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1507383","display_name":"Sea surface temperature","level":2,"score":0.4455481469631195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.4287107586860657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.3411800265312195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.25966501235961914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.22570431232452393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.08613550662994385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3586604","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3586604","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.7300000190734863}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1109265764","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42206202","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5179571903","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42221005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5915280278","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"25-1-5-cspz-18-nsh","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335961","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Planning Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8961951159","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42090044","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335961","display_name":"National Science and Technology Planning Project","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W182288807","https://openalex.org/W1965261933","https://openalex.org/W1967665739","https://openalex.org/W1972941805","https://openalex.org/W1973743037","https://openalex.org/W1981721232","https://openalex.org/W1986694069","https://openalex.org/W1992546260","https://openalex.org/W1996540857","https://openalex.org/W1998716043","https://openalex.org/W2004265502","https://openalex.org/W2012224782","https://openalex.org/W2018679981","https://openalex.org/W2021193962","https://openalex.org/W2023290272","https://openalex.org/W2023403042","https://openalex.org/W2034766279","https://openalex.org/W2037263669","https://openalex.org/W2049361277","https://openalex.org/W2066633788","https://openalex.org/W2067981676","https://openalex.org/W2069128900","https://openalex.org/W2077820350","https://openalex.org/W2086102510","https://openalex.org/W2101926813","https://openalex.org/W2109534979","https://openalex.org/W2118864394","https://openalex.org/W2121264610","https://openalex.org/W2131070146","https://openalex.org/W2131110520","https://openalex.org/W2147800946","https://openalex.org/W2151434513","https://openalex.org/W2157202069","https://openalex.org/W2165698076","https://openalex.org/W2167080687","https://openalex.org/W2173431657","https://openalex.org/W2174979156","https://openalex.org/W2176119523","https://openalex.org/W2176576836","https://openalex.org/W2180343648","https://openalex.org/W2185804730","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2319604610","https://openalex.org/W2483401496","https://openalex.org/W2756493409","https://openalex.org/W2790642329","https://openalex.org/W2808009110","https://openalex.org/W2889183298","https://openalex.org/W2953441610","https://openalex.org/W2955995981","https://openalex.org/W2968917279","https://openalex.org/W3011560410","https://openalex.org/W3118310857","https://openalex.org/W4211023987","https://openalex.org/W4280635490","https://openalex.org/W4285216033","https://openalex.org/W4288067872","https://openalex.org/W4293767108","https://openalex.org/W4296569576","https://openalex.org/W4388046666","https://openalex.org/W4389903462","https://openalex.org/W4390357417","https://openalex.org/W4400425978","https://openalex.org/W4401070674","https://openalex.org/W4401387380","https://openalex.org/W6607380865","https://openalex.org/W6686499804","https://openalex.org/W6721861854","https://openalex.org/W6767164110","https://openalex.org/W6784227514"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3081257409","https://openalex.org/W4321016390","https://openalex.org/W2020822748","https://openalex.org/W4394768901","https://openalex.org/W2353357840","https://openalex.org/W2149938466","https://openalex.org/W1991420611","https://openalex.org/W1591926923","https://openalex.org/W2100280008","https://openalex.org/W2079569137"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Air-sea":[0],"heat":[1,21,28],"fluxes":[2],"play":[3],"a":[4,97,235,258],"crucial":[5],"role":[6],"in":[7,143,152,163],"understanding":[8],"global":[9,236],"climate":[10],"variability.":[11],"Using":[12,225],"the":[13,36,59,92,112,160,164],"bulk":[14],"aerodynamic":[15],"algorithm,":[16],"we":[17,90],"can":[18],"derive":[19],"sensible":[20],"flux":[22,29],"(<italic":[23],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[24,32,43,45,53,63,69,76,80,174,178,196,200,207,212,242,244,246,250,271,275,280,284],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">SHF</i>)":[25],"and":[26,48,65,78,106,117,142,176,183,189,198,209,220,248,273,282],"latent":[27],"(":[30,41,51],"<italic":[31,42,52,75,79,195,199,249,279,283],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">LHF</i>":[33,201,251],")":[34,47],"from":[35],"satellite":[37,141,231],"sea":[38],"surface":[39],"temperature":[40,61],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">T</i><sub":[44],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><i>s</i></sub>":[46],"wind":[49],"speed":[50],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">W<sub>S</sub></i>":[54],"),":[55],"as":[56,58,233],"well":[57],"air":[60],"(T<sub":[62],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">a</sub>)":[64],"specific":[66],"humidity":[67],"(Q<sub":[68],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">a</sub>).":[70],"However,":[71],"traditional":[72],"retrievals":[73],"of":[74,216,240],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">T<sub>a</sub></i>":[77],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Q<sub>a</sub></i>":[81],"tend":[82],"to":[83,103,122,159,181,187,191,218,222,268],"be":[84],"unreliable.":[85],"To":[86],"address":[87],"this":[88,226],"issue,":[89],"introduced":[91],"Matrices-Points":[93],"Fusion":[94],"Network":[95,119],"(MPFNet),":[96],"deep":[98],"learning":[99,138],"(DL)":[100],"model":[101,110,127,229],"designed":[102],"integrate":[104],"spatial":[105],"point":[107],"information.":[108],"This":[109],"employs":[111],"Fourier":[113],"Neural":[114],"Operator":[115],"(FNO)":[116],"Residual":[118],"(ResNet)":[120],"techniques":[121],"enhance":[123],"retrieval":[124],"capabilities.":[125],"The":[126,261],"was":[128,255],"pre-trained":[129],"with":[130,140,166,230],"ECMWF":[131],"ERA5":[132],"reanalysis-based":[133],"data,":[134],"followed":[135],"by":[136],"transfer":[137],"(TL)":[139],"situ":[144,153],"matchup":[145],"data":[146,154,232],"for":[147,172],"fine-tuning.":[148],"Validation":[149],"against":[150],"independent":[151],"showed":[155,263],"significant":[156],"improvements":[157,215],"compared":[158],"mainstream":[161],"products":[162,266],"community,":[165],"root":[167],"mean":[168],"square":[169],"errors":[170],"(RMSE)":[171],"T<sub":[173,241,270],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">a</sub>":[175,179,272,276],"Q<sub":[177,274],"reduced":[180],"0.59\u00b0C":[182],"0.87g/kg,":[184],"representing":[185],"27%":[186],"41%":[188],"16%":[190],"33%":[192],"improvements,":[193],"respectively.":[194,224],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">SHF</i>":[197,281],"RMSE":[202],"values":[203],"were":[204],"6.54":[205],"W/m<sup":[206,211],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[208],"29.32":[210],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>,":[213],"reflecting":[214],"32%":[217],"36%":[219],"17%":[221],"31%,":[223],"fine-tuned":[227],"MPFNet":[228],"input,":[234],"daily":[237],"gridded":[238],"dataset":[239],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">a</sub>,Q<sub":[243],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">a</sub>,<italic":[245],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">SHF</i>,":[247],"over":[252],"11.5":[253],"years":[254],"generated":[256],"at":[257],"0.25\u00b0":[259],"resolution.":[260],"analysis":[262],"that":[264],"previous":[265],"tended":[267],"underestimate":[269],"while":[277],"overestimating":[278],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">LHF</i>.":[285]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}