{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411799280","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3584367","title":"Detection and Analysis of GPS L1-Band Radio Frequency Interference Using Spaceborne Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry Receivers","display_name":"Detection and Analysis of GPS L1-Band Radio Frequency Interference Using Spaceborne Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry Receivers","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411799280","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3584367"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3584367","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3584367","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033453530","display_name":"Mohammad M. Al-Khaldi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2478-5909"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad M. Al-Khaldi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and ElectroScience Laboratory, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2478-5909","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and ElectroScience Laboratory, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004567285","display_name":"Joel T. Johnson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6921-6059"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joel T. Johnson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and ElectroScience Laboratory, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6921-6059","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and ElectroScience Laboratory, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022152022","display_name":"Darren McKague","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0297-0388"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Darren S. McKague","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0297-0388","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076946918","display_name":"Scott Gleason","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8387-5093"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Scott Gleason","raw_affiliation_strings":["Daaxa LLC, Boulder, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8387-5093","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Daaxa LLC, Boulder, CO, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076023586","display_name":"F. Policelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7446-7338"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306266525","display_name":"Goddard Space Flight Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0171mag52","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frederick S. Policelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7446-7338","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037110476","display_name":"Rajat Bindlish","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1913-0353"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306266525","display_name":"Goddard Space Flight Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0171mag52","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rajat Bindlish","raw_affiliation_strings":["NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1913-0353","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030284156","display_name":"Dorina Twigg","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dorina Twigg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Space Physics Research Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Space Physics Research Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049423771","display_name":"Anthony Russel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1128-9527"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthony Russel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Space Physics Research Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1128-9527","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Space Physics Research Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.814,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96503177,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.970300018787384,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.970300018787384,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14163","display_name":"Astronomical Observations and Instrumentation","score":0.9129999876022339,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflectometry","display_name":"Reflectometry","score":0.7846125364303589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.7790517807006836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.7515021562576294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.5738313794136047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.5737794041633606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-navigation","display_name":"Satellite navigation","score":0.5339974164962769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-navigation","display_name":"Radio navigation","score":0.5211410522460938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.45901644229888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-satellite","display_name":"Communications satellite","score":0.4425647556781769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4296960234642029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-system","display_name":"Satellite system","score":0.4108237028121948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.3866293430328369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.31304168701171875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.294187068939209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1244996190071106}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778925768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454718","display_name":"Reflectometry","level":3,"score":0.7846125364303589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.7790517807006836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.7515021562576294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.5738313794136047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.5737794041633606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36301306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179435","display_name":"Satellite navigation","level":3,"score":0.5339974164962769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530343408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1413038","display_name":"Radio navigation","level":3,"score":0.5211410522460938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.45901644229888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121308736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149918","display_name":"Communications satellite","level":3,"score":0.4425647556781769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4296960234642029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.4108237028121948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.3866293430328369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.31304168701171875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.294187068939209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1244996190071106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103824480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185889","display_name":"Time domain","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3584367","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3584367","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1347379470","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"80NSSC23K0320","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1835482159","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NNL13AQ00C","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6866789213","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"80NSSC23K1117","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1465132202","https://openalex.org/W2026618660","https://openalex.org/W2090231103","https://openalex.org/W2105371771","https://openalex.org/W2107580583","https://openalex.org/W2112265430","https://openalex.org/W2129248900","https://openalex.org/W2147809907","https://openalex.org/W2158778754","https://openalex.org/W2160490626","https://openalex.org/W2290581965","https://openalex.org/W2293830597","https://openalex.org/W2321482666","https://openalex.org/W2484238174","https://openalex.org/W2515591639","https://openalex.org/W2548181169","https://openalex.org/W2774327481","https://openalex.org/W2860267385","https://openalex.org/W2885395251","https://openalex.org/W2904855368","https://openalex.org/W2916909768","https://openalex.org/W2966590131","https://openalex.org/W2972253584","https://openalex.org/W2972754538","https://openalex.org/W2978354175","https://openalex.org/W2978496333","https://openalex.org/W2981997856","https://openalex.org/W3015464909","https://openalex.org/W3020649642","https://openalex.org/W3082945538","https://openalex.org/W3107563704","https://openalex.org/W3158468663","https://openalex.org/W3166489843","https://openalex.org/W3172325092","https://openalex.org/W3174715410","https://openalex.org/W3198988582","https://openalex.org/W3205214240","https://openalex.org/W4213203607","https://openalex.org/W4226282044","https://openalex.org/W4236315286","https://openalex.org/W4295036151","https://openalex.org/W4309088353","https://openalex.org/W4312528449","https://openalex.org/W4312756188","https://openalex.org/W4319869852","https://openalex.org/W4382203278","https://openalex.org/W4387350134","https://openalex.org/W4387802675","https://openalex.org/W4389977267","https://openalex.org/W4392980109","https://openalex.org/W4394730893","https://openalex.org/W4401483345","https://openalex.org/W4401879134","https://openalex.org/W4403207915","https://openalex.org/W4404594455","https://openalex.org/W4406727421","https://openalex.org/W4407128913","https://openalex.org/W4408324358"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2068422469","https://openalex.org/W2375040471","https://openalex.org/W1507168133","https://openalex.org/W2364356564","https://openalex.org/W2365327061","https://openalex.org/W2242395594","https://openalex.org/W4213062915","https://openalex.org/W2024000989","https://openalex.org/W2028990501","https://openalex.org/W4205558796"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"report":[1],"a":[2],"study":[3],"of":[4,29,56,98,107,119],"radio":[5],"frequency":[6],"interference":[7],"(RFI)":[8],"in":[9,63,79,131],"the":[10,30,90,96,108,132,142],"GPS":[11,133],"L1":[12,134],"band":[13,135],"(1575.42":[14],"\u00b1":[15],"2":[16],"MHz)":[17],"using":[18],"spaceborne":[19],"Global":[20,41],"Navigation":[21,42],"Satellite":[22,43],"System":[23],"Reflectometry":[24],"(GNSS-R)":[25],"data.":[26],"An":[27],"examination":[28],"\u201cnoise\u201d":[31],"levels":[32],"reported":[33],"by":[34,140],"both":[35,114],"Spire,":[36],"Inc.":[37],"and":[38,84,116],"CYGNSS":[39],"(Cyclone":[40],"System)":[44],"standard":[45],"Level":[46],"1":[47],"products":[48],"is":[49,71],"first":[50],"presented":[51],"that":[52,103],"shows":[53],"clear":[54],"evidence":[55],"RFI":[57,76,128,143],"contributions.":[58],"Data":[59],"from":[60],"498":[61],"acquisitions":[62,109],"CYGNSS\u2019s":[64],"special":[65],"raw":[66,91],"I/F":[67,92],"(Intermediate":[68],"Frequency)":[69],"mode":[70],"then":[72],"used":[73],"to":[74,94,105],"examine":[75],"source":[77,129],"properties":[78,130],"greater":[80],"detail.":[81],"Both":[82],"kurtosis":[83],"cross-frequency":[85],"algorithms":[86],"are":[87],"applied":[88],"with":[89,113],"data":[93],"detect":[95],"presence":[97],"RFI.":[99],"The":[100,123],"results":[101,124],"suggest":[102],"up":[104],"25%":[106],"considered":[110],"contain":[111],"RFI,":[112],"\u201cnarrow\u201d":[115],"\u201cwideband\u201d":[117],"sources":[118],"varying":[120],"amplitudes":[121],"observed.":[122],"provide":[125],"insights":[126],"into":[127],"as":[136,138],"well":[137],"methods":[139],"which":[141],"can":[144],"be":[145],"detected.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
