{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411688115","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3583462","title":"Assimilating Ground-Based and High-Dynamic Airborne GNSS Zenith Total Delays Into Numerical Weather Predictions","display_name":"Assimilating Ground-Based and High-Dynamic Airborne GNSS Zenith Total Delays Into Numerical Weather Predictions","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411688115","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3583462"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3583462","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3583462","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100776803","display_name":"Zhenyi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8792-4497"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenyi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry, ETH Z&#x00FC;rich, Z&#x00FC;rich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8792-4497","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry, ETH Z&#x00FC;rich, Z&#x00FC;rich, Switzerland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100660489","display_name":"Mengjie Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7855-8763"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114963","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping","ror":"https://ror.org/02j693n47","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengjie Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Antarctic Center of Surveying and Mapping, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Antarctic Center of Surveying and Mapping, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009141775","display_name":"Weixing Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5413-2442"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weixing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5413-2442","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045616921","display_name":"Yidong Lou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2675-5677"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yidong Lou","raw_affiliation_strings":["GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2675-5677","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046082471","display_name":"Benedikt Soja","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7010-2147"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benedikt Soja","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry, ETH Z&#x00FC;rich, Z&#x00FC;rich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7010-2147","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry, ETH Z&#x00FC;rich, Z&#x00FC;rich, Switzerland","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9028,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84463092,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.8551825284957886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zenith","display_name":"Zenith","score":0.8072608709335327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6899381875991821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/numerical-weather-prediction","display_name":"Numerical weather prediction","score":0.5756746530532837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.5752531886100769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5627679228782654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-assimilation","display_name":"Data assimilation","score":0.5267654657363892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weather-research-and-forecasting-model","display_name":"Weather Research and Forecasting Model","score":0.47419220209121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-augmentation","display_name":"GNSS augmentation","score":0.4678916037082672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weather-forecasting","display_name":"Weather forecasting","score":0.4387194514274597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-model","display_name":"Atmospheric model","score":0.4165787696838379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.38335540890693665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2547399401664734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.25382018089294434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.24502593278884888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11592346429824829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.09755513072013855}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.8551825284957886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53970728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82806","display_name":"Zenith","level":2,"score":0.8072608709335327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6899381875991821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147947694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837552","display_name":"Numerical weather prediction","level":2,"score":0.5756746530532837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.5752531886100769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5627679228782654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24552861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2670177","display_name":"Data assimilation","level":2,"score":0.5267654657363892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133204551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q838305","display_name":"Weather Research and Forecasting Model","level":2,"score":0.47419220209121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166212672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165162","display_name":"GNSS augmentation","level":4,"score":0.4678916037082672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21001229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182868","display_name":"Weather forecasting","level":2,"score":0.4387194514274597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118365302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4817115","display_name":"Atmospheric model","level":2,"score":0.4165787696838379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.38335540890693665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2547399401664734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.25382018089294434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.24502593278884888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11592346429824829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.09755513072013855}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3583462","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3583462","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.7900000214576721}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2168172386","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202306270027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","funder_display_name":"China Scholarship Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7502755810","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42174027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8411124712","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2042022kf1198","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1535176033","https://openalex.org/W1909100498","https://openalex.org/W1981482832","https://openalex.org/W1984000008","https://openalex.org/W1987518235","https://openalex.org/W1995986610","https://openalex.org/W2028979275","https://openalex.org/W2030916107","https://openalex.org/W2031892331","https://openalex.org/W2082691754","https://openalex.org/W2083339292","https://openalex.org/W2090965227","https://openalex.org/W2112306707","https://openalex.org/W2119007429","https://openalex.org/W2142794782","https://openalex.org/W2160741281","https://openalex.org/W2165026909","https://openalex.org/W2179912439","https://openalex.org/W2566470330","https://openalex.org/W2598484049","https://openalex.org/W2606783291","https://openalex.org/W2730087402","https://openalex.org/W2741699797","https://openalex.org/W2772536263","https://openalex.org/W2886196490","https://openalex.org/W2915783575","https://openalex.org/W2919953355","https://openalex.org/W2956359150","https://openalex.org/W2970423183","https://openalex.org/W2972662179","https://openalex.org/W3003909901","https://openalex.org/W3017456405","https://openalex.org/W3025949386","https://openalex.org/W3047473995","https://openalex.org/W3092968435","https://openalex.org/W3196221603","https://openalex.org/W4200512182","https://openalex.org/W4313325540","https://openalex.org/W4386163494","https://openalex.org/W4388183666","https://openalex.org/W4388480533","https://openalex.org/W4388899768","https://openalex.org/W4389815072"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2559626643","https://openalex.org/W3081577063","https://openalex.org/W3110237217","https://openalex.org/W4405031167","https://openalex.org/W2184710923","https://openalex.org/W4412522531","https://openalex.org/W3133000293","https://openalex.org/W3155716677","https://openalex.org/W2526518095","https://openalex.org/W2321020009"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,159],"assimilation":[1],"of":[2,169,181],"ground-based":[3,156],"Global":[4],"Navigation":[5],"Satellite":[6],"Systems":[7],"(GNSS)":[8],"zenith":[9],"total":[10],"delays":[11],"(ZTDs)":[12],"has":[13,88],"been":[14,90],"demonstrated":[15],"to":[16,53,76,96,120,147,153,176,192],"benefit":[17,193],"meteorological":[18],"applications":[19],"such":[20],"as":[21,118],"weather":[22,83,194],"forecasting":[23],"and":[24,70,79,92,107,116,123,142,149,184],"monitoring.":[25],"However,":[26],"their":[27,66],"effects":[28],"are":[29,161],"limited":[30],"by":[31,145],"the":[32,39,43,97,111,137,170,179],"restricted":[33],"three-dimensional":[34],"spatial":[35,71],"resolution":[36,168],"especially":[37],"in":[38],"vertical":[40,68],"direction.":[41],"Fortunately,":[42],"fast-developing":[44],"unmanned":[45],"aerial":[46],"vehicle":[47],"(UAV)":[48],"market":[49],"offers":[50,185],"an":[51],"opportunity":[52],"obtain":[54],"airborne":[55,133,171,190],"GNSS":[56,105,134,157,182,191],"ZTDs":[57,106,135],"that":[58,131],"contain":[59],"atmospheric":[60],"information":[61],"at":[62],"different":[63],"locations.":[64],"Given":[65],"unprecedented":[67],"coverage":[69],"resolution,":[72],"it":[73],"is":[74],"promising":[75],"assimilate":[77],"them":[78,109],"further":[80,177],"improve":[81],"numerical":[82],"predictions":[84],"(NWPs),":[85],"which,":[86],"however,":[87],"not":[89],"investigated":[91],"thus":[93],"still":[94],"unclear":[95],"community.":[98],"In":[99],"this":[100],"paper,":[101],"we":[102],"obtained":[103],"UAV-based":[104],"assimilated":[108],"using":[110,189],"WRFDA":[112],"package,":[113],"with":[114,140,164],"ERA5":[115],"radiosonde":[117],"references":[119],"evaluate":[121],"ZTD":[122],"relative":[124],"humidity":[125,138],"(RH)":[126],"accuracy.":[127],"Our":[128],"results":[129],"show":[130],"assimilating":[132,155],"improved":[136],"field,":[139],"RMSE":[141],"bias":[143],"decreasing":[144],"up":[146],"22%":[148],"57%,":[150],"respectively,":[151],"compared":[152],"merely":[154],"ZTDs.":[158],"improvements":[160],"more":[162],"significant":[163],"a":[165],"higher":[166],"spatial-temporal":[167],"observations.":[172],"This":[173],"study":[174],"contributes":[175],"expanding":[178],"application":[180],"meteorology":[183],"initial":[186],"ideas":[187],"for":[188],"forecasts.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
