{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411600214","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3582578","title":"IOVarNet: Inner\u2013Outer Variation Synergy Network for Infrared Small Target Detection","display_name":"IOVarNet: Inner\u2013Outer Variation Synergy Network for Infrared Small Target Detection","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411600214","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3582578"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3582578","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3582578","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118613017","display_name":"Shangwei Deng","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shangwei Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Hybrid Augmented Intelligence, National Engineering Research Center of Visual Information and Applications, Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3557-724X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Hybrid Augmented Intelligence, National Engineering Research Center of Visual Information and Applications, Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011639295","display_name":"Qianwen Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6730-3523"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qianwen Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029234810","display_name":"Bincheng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4214-1050"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bincheng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Liaoran Jin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liaoran Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103193784","display_name":"Kepeng Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0650-2442"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kepeng Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Shangqi Deng","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shangqi Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Hybrid Augmented Intelligence, National Engineering Research Center of Visual Information and Applications, Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","National Engineering Research Center of Visual Information and Applications, Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, National Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Hybrid Augmented Intelligence, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Hybrid Augmented Intelligence, National Engineering Research Center of Visual Information and Applications, Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center of Visual Information and Applications, Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, National Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Hybrid Augmented Intelligence, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100318740","display_name":"Xiaobo Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9944-3642"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaobo Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9944-3642","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069859546","display_name":"Haofeng Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7441-1457"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haofeng Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7441-1457","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":19.535,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98891003,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9021000266075134,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variation","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","score":0.650179922580719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infrared","display_name":"Infrared","score":0.537011981010437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5168962478637695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4578371047973633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.21736913919448853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.16761556267738342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.12993133068084717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astronomy","display_name":"Astronomy","score":0.11994734406471252}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.650179922580719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158355884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11388","display_name":"Infrared","level":2,"score":0.537011981010437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5168962478637695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4578371047973633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.21736913919448853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.16761556267738342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12993133068084717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.11994734406471252}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3582578","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3582578","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1674003914","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62075161","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4618473047","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No.62205243","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5181254088","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62205243","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6919439042","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No.62075161","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G865023616","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023YFC3108500","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8831159456","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"23JCQNJC01890","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323993","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin City"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323993","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin City","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1640745651","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1978993121","https://openalex.org/W1992873714","https://openalex.org/W2006851788","https://openalex.org/W2040053806","https://openalex.org/W2041560658","https://openalex.org/W2042899290","https://openalex.org/W2051185466","https://openalex.org/W2066630786","https://openalex.org/W2092663520","https://openalex.org/W2150134853","https://openalex.org/W2158698691","https://openalex.org/W2321199736","https://openalex.org/W2912919760","https://openalex.org/W2942839421","https://openalex.org/W2991758591","https://openalex.org/W2996290406","https://openalex.org/W3010079414","https://openalex.org/W3025800305","https://openalex.org/W3039443125","https://openalex.org/W3088317060","https://openalex.org/W3118249006","https://openalex.org/W3118934234","https://openalex.org/W3171950886","https://openalex.org/W3176334304","https://openalex.org/W3197016211","https://openalex.org/W3212201356","https://openalex.org/W4210692332","https://openalex.org/W4212863773","https://openalex.org/W4283260675","https://openalex.org/W4286630479","https://openalex.org/W4293328277","https://openalex.org/W4295916866","https://openalex.org/W4304084055","https://openalex.org/W4312229687","https://openalex.org/W4313065862","https://openalex.org/W4313506322","https://openalex.org/W4313594754","https://openalex.org/W4313855945","https://openalex.org/W4313855947","https://openalex.org/W4317794940","https://openalex.org/W4381166131","https://openalex.org/W4382407262","https://openalex.org/W4386158776","https://openalex.org/W4387951721","https://openalex.org/W4389319234","https://openalex.org/W4389336034","https://openalex.org/W4391376377","https://openalex.org/W4392359945","https://openalex.org/W4392903290","https://openalex.org/W4393148032","https://openalex.org/W4393204353","https://openalex.org/W4399728296","https://openalex.org/W4400314904","https://openalex.org/W4400416003","https://openalex.org/W4401486220","https://openalex.org/W4401634204","https://openalex.org/W4402436792","https://openalex.org/W4402739125","https://openalex.org/W4403333788","https://openalex.org/W4403594096","https://openalex.org/W4404177154","https://openalex.org/W4404877083","https://openalex.org/W4405821840","https://openalex.org/W4405882648","https://openalex.org/W4407157001","https://openalex.org/W4407640624","https://openalex.org/W4409153052","https://openalex.org/W4409328437"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2386430105","https://openalex.org/W2356521405","https://openalex.org/W2038534795","https://openalex.org/W2384358604","https://openalex.org/W1567829292","https://openalex.org/W3001063351","https://openalex.org/W3196905815"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sparsity":[0],"and":[1,91,110,116,134,154],"weak":[2],"characteristics":[3],"of":[4,33,40,61,71,86,113,160],"targets":[5,62],"pose":[6],"significant":[7],"challenges":[8],"in":[9,22],"infrared":[10],"small":[11],"target":[12,133],"detection":[13],"(IRSTD).":[14],"For":[15],"convolutional":[16],"neural":[17],"network-based":[18],"methods,":[19],"the":[20,31,38,47,58,72,77,84,95,102,108,114,119,128,132,157],"increase":[21],"semantic":[23,129],"information":[24,105],"during":[25],"propagation":[26],"is":[27],"often":[28],"accompanied":[29],"by":[30,63],"degradation":[32],"spatial":[34,59,138],"features,":[35],"which":[36,55,82],"hampers":[37],"performance":[39,158],"IRSTD.":[41],"In":[42],"this":[43],"paper,":[44],"we":[45],"proposed":[46],"Inner-outer":[48,96],"Variation":[49],"Synergy":[50,98],"Network":[51],"(IOVarNet)":[52],"for":[53],"IRSTD,":[54],"explicitly":[56],"enhances":[57],"response":[60],"reinforcing":[64],"their":[65],"structural":[66,104],"representations":[67],"across":[68],"different":[69,141],"layers":[70,112],"network.":[73],"Specifically,":[74],"IOVarNet":[75,161],"leverages":[76],"delicate":[78],"Total":[79],"Variation-inspired":[80],"Module,":[81],"takes":[83],"form":[85],"a":[87],"partial":[88],"differential":[89],"equation,":[90],"incorporates":[92],"it":[93],"through":[94],"Variational":[97],"architecture":[99],"to":[100,126],"supplement":[101],"target\u2019s":[103],"at":[106,170],"both":[107],"inner":[109],"outer":[111],"encoder":[115],"decoder.":[117],"Besides,":[118],"Dual":[120],"Space":[121],"Attention":[122],"mechanism":[123],"was":[124,145],"introduced":[125],"enhance":[127],"distinction":[130],"between":[131],"background,":[135],"while":[136],"fusing":[137],"features":[139],"from":[140],"layers.":[142],"Experimental":[143],"validation":[144],"conducted":[146],"on":[147],"three":[148],"public":[149],"datasets":[150],"(i.e.,":[151],"NUDT-SIRST,":[152],"NUAA-SIRST,":[153],"IRSTD-1K),":[155],"demonstrating":[156],"superiority":[159],"over":[162],"other":[163],"methods.":[164],"Open-source":[165],"implementations":[166],"will":[167],"be":[168],"available":[169],"https://github.com/Shangwei-Deng/IOVarNet.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
